chapter 26

A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is

active transport

urinary system regulate blood volume and pressure by

adjusting volume of water lost in urine, release erythropoietin and renin, regulate NaCL levels in blood

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by presence of

albumin proteins in blood plasma

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains A) hydrogen ions. B) water. C) nutrients. D) urea. E) All of the answers are correct.

all

Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal

calculi

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of A) arteries. B) veins. C) venules. D) capillaries. E) arterioles.

capillaries

which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla

collecting ducts

muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

detrusor muscle

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule

the region known as the macula densa is part of the

distal convoluted tubule

Agents that increase urine excretion are known as

diuretics

Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is

dribbling urination

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole

each of the following organ systems excretes waste to some degree EXCEPT the ______ system

endocrine

the filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which 3 layers? _____ glomerulus _____ of glomerulus _______ slits

endothelium, dense layer and podocyte filtration

The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.

facilitated diffusion

the outer most layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule

term best matches the term calyx

final urine enters here

The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.

floating kidney

the process of filtration occurs at the

glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following EXCEPT

increase glomerular filtration rate

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by juxtaglomerular complex

what is NOT a normal constituent of urine

large proteins

which of the following activities is not related to kidney function

lipid digestion

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

loop of henle and collecting duct

large branches of the renal pelvis

major calyces

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

nephron loop

the _____ delivers urine to a minor calyx

papillary duct

the efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the _____ capillaries

peritubular

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

peritubular capillaries

the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.

polycystic kidney disease

which substance are NOT normally found in the filtrate

protein

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule

You complain to the doctor about constant pain and discomfort in the low back area. What test might logically be recommended?

pyelogram

triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

pyramids

Bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

renal columns

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

the filtration of plasma takes place in the

renal corpuscle

the inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

renal failure

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis

the cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis

the expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis

an internal cavity line by the fibrous capsule

renal sinus

the _____ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine

renal threshold

tubular reabsorption involved all of the following except

stem cell movements

glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium

streptococcus

false regarding micturition

stretch receptors in bladder are stimulated by the warm temp of urine

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

superior

when the level of ADH decreases

the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

best matches the term renal papilla

the tip of the medullary pyramid

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional epithelium

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone

the concentration at with all of the carriers for a given substance are saturated is the

tubular maximum

urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

ureters

urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

urethra

urine is eliminated through the

urethra

Urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder

Regulates blood volume, contributes to stabilizing blood ph, eliminating organic waste products, regulating plasma concentration of electrolytes are things the ______ does

urinary system

regulates blood volume & BP, plasma concentration of certain ions, stabilize pH, conserves of valuable nutrients, functions of the

urinary system

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with lower concentration of sodium ions

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

vasa recta

renal blood flow is about ______ liter/min

1

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

the renal threshold for glucose is approximately _____mg/dl

180

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions. A) 500 B) 800 C) 1200 D) 1800 E) 2500

1800

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99

a patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. this may be due to

absence of ADH

the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is the

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water

which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion

ammonium ions

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

antidiuretic hormone

under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures what are they

blood & capsular hydrostatic pressure & blood colloid osmotic pressure

the process of filtration is driven mainly by

blood hydrostatic pressure

80% of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ____ and have short nephron loops

cortex

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

cortex

In the process of ________ two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process.

cotransport

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

cotransport

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na and K ions

a higher sodium concentration is produced in the kidney medulla tissue that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine is what occurs in the

countercurrent multiplier process

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.

countertransport

The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.

creatinine clearance

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

_____ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanisms of the kidneys

glomerulonephritis

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle is the

glomerulus

the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerulus filtration rate

the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

hilum

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

hydrogen ions, penicillin, creatinine, potassium ions

normal constituent of urine are

hydrogen ions, urea, amino acids and creatinine

Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following, except A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons. B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). C) increased sensitivity to ADH. D) problems with the micturition reflex. E) loss of sphincter muscle tone.

increased sensitivity to ADH

the renal veins drain into the

inferior vena cava

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

juxtaglomerular complex

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called

juxtamedullary

How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?

kidney produces calcitriol

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true? A) Its pH is below normal. B) It will have the odor of ammonia. C) It will contain large amounts of urobilin. D) It will contain excess chloride ion. E) It will have a low pH.

will contain large amounts of urobilin