Chapter 27 Bentley: Islamic Empires Vocab

Mehmed II

( 1451-1481) captured Constantinople, known as Mehmedd the Conqueror,new chapter in expansion. Worked on making Constantinople a commercial center. "ruler of the two lands" (Europe and Asia) and "two seas" (black sea and Mediterranean) laid foundations of absolute

Safi al-Din

(1252-1334) leader of a Sufi religious order in the north western Persia, famous tomb became home of the family (safavids)

Sinan Pasha

(1489-1588) architectural genius who create the most celebrated of all the monuments of Istanbul. Sinan built a vast religious complex called the Süleymaniye, which blended Islamic and Byzantine architectural elements, Suleymaniye architect

Shah Ismail

(1501-1524) He proclaimed that the official religion of his realm would be Twelver Shiism, and he proceeded to impose it, by force when necessary, on the formerly Sunni population. Over the next decade he seized control of the Iranian plateau and launched expeditions into the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and central Asia.

Selim the Grim

(1512- 1566) occupied Syria and Egypt, became sultan, he launched a persecution of Shiites in the Ottoman empire and prepared for a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory

Suleyman the Magnificent

(1520-1566) expansion to southwest Asia and Europe, conquered Baghdad to took ever the Tigris and Euphrates river, Habsurg Empire in Europe under his capyured Belgrade, defeated the king of Hungary control, became major naval power

Akbar

(1556-1605) architect of the Mongol empire, son of Babur, brilliant charismatic ruler, famous for throwing Adham Khan out of the window,took over the Mughal government, centralized administrative, laid the foundation for later Mughal expansion, interested in religion and philosophy, wanted to reduce tensions between the Hindu and the Muslims in India, had dyslexia (illiterate), very intelligent, had many books, opposed elaboration of syncretic religion called DIVINE FAITH

Shah Abbas the Great

(1588-1629) revitalized the Safavid Empire, moved the capital to more central location, encouraged trade, reformed the administrative and military institutions, incorporated the "slaves of the royal household" into the army, increase use of gun powder

Aurangzeb

(1659-1707) greatest extent of Mughal Empire in his reign, mughal authority to southern India, devout muslim, demolished hindu temples, broke Akbar's religious toleration, tax on hindus to encourage to convert to Islam

Jizya

Aurangzeb rule to tax on Islamic empires that was imposed on non-muslims, promoted Islam in India

Mughals

Islamic dynasty that ruled India from the 16th century through 18 century, construction of the Taj Mahal, enlightened reign Akbar, the increasing conflict of the Hindus and Muslims was anther legacy.

Ghazi

Islamic religious warrior, many of them flocked to join the Ottomans, Ottomans had ghazi recruits into two forces: light cavalry and volunteer infantry

Janissaries

Ottoman soldiers from the Turkish "yeni" esprit de corps, loyalty to the sultan, and readiness to employ new military technology, at the critical battle on the plain of Chaldiran (1514), the Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and thousands of Janissaries equipped with firearms behind a barrier of carts

Peacock Throne

Shah Jahan took his seat on this throne, most spectacular seat, 10 mil rupees worth of diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls. Atop of it was a peacock with a pearl → wealth of the Mughal Empire

Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha

Turkish corsair, who challenged Spanish forces in Tunisia and Algeria and he placed his pirate fleet under the Ottoman flag and became Süleyman's leading admiral

Shah Jahan

built the Taj Mahal in his wife's honor, emperor of the Mughal Empire, grandson of Akbar the Great, his reign is the Golden Age of the Mughal Empire, built many architectural buildings and mosques across India

Ottomans

derived from Osman Bey (founder of the dynasty), many ghazi's were Ottoman

Osman Bey

founder of the Ottoman dynasty, bey (chief) of a band of semi nomadic Turks who migrated to Italy, sought to become a ghazi,

Zahir al-Din Muhammad

known as Babur "the tiger," founded the MUGHAL (MONGOL) DYNASTY changhatai turk descendant from Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane, ambition to transform his inheritance to a glorious empire. Invasions to India (New Delhi), built loosely knit empire,

Safavids

later Persian empire that was founded by Shah Ismail and became the center of Shiism, reached under its peak when Shah Abbass centered on the capital Isfahan.

Taj Mahal

most famous of the Mughal monuments, Shah Jahan had 20 thousand workes to make the mosque and tomb. Built for his wife Mumtaz Mahalbuilt in 1632-1649

Sikhs

people who combined elements of Hinduism and Islam, Akbar's divine faith

Gizilbash

red heads, Turkish followers would wear these red hats with twelve pleats in memory of the twelve Shiite imams. Believed that Ismail would make them invincible in battle and become loyal to the Safavid cause.

Millet

religious communities retained their civil laws, traditions and languages. Had social and administrative functions in matters concerning birth, marriage, health, and education