Chapter 27: Reproductive System

During the preschool examination of a 4-year-old boy, you are unable to palpate his testes within the scrotal sac. His parents state that previous exams have been normal, and that the testes are clearly visible during baths. What is the most likely explanation? The testes may have migrated back up into the boy's abdomen since the last examination. The parents' observations are probably incorrect. Because he does not trust you, the boy is deliberately causing his testes to retract close to his body. A chilly examination room or your cold hands have activated the cremasteric reflex

A chilly examination room or your cold hands have activated the cremasteric reflex.

Which of the following might be reported by a man with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)? feeling the bladder is full, even just after urinating having to strain to urinate pain after ejaculation or during urination All of the above.

All of the above

A man who has had a successful orchiectomy may still be able to have children because ______. the remaining testis is able, by itself, to produce a sufficient amount of testosterone the seminiferous tubules of the remaining testis are still active the epididymis posterior to the remaining testis is still functional All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following may aggravate the symptoms of a prolapsed uterus? constipation chronic coughing obesity All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct

After DNA replication, each individual chromosome becomes a homologous pair. True False

False

Female orgasm is required for conception. True False

False

In females, orgasm is required for fertilization. True False

False

Oocytes complete meiosis II before they are fertilized. True False

False

The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems. True False

False

What hormone, produced in the anterior pituitary gland, works in conjunction with gonadal steroids to promote bone development in males? Follicle-stimulating hormone Prolactin Growth hormone Luteinizing hormone

Growth hormone

Genital Herpes

Human herpes simplex virus.

Genital warts

Human papillomavirus.

Jasmine's doctor has ordered measurement of her androgen levels. Which of the following statements is most accurate about this test? It depends on her muscle mass; androgens are anabolic steroids and cause muscle growth, so more muscle means more androgens. It should come back negative, because women do not produce any androgens. It depends on the phase of her cycle; androgens are only synthesized during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. Levels should be low but not absent, because the ovaries produce androgens but convert most of them into estrogens.

Levels should be low but not absent, because the ovaries produce androgens but convert most of them into estrogens.

What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase? Menstruation begins. Glandular secretions commence. Ovulation occurs. Stratum functionalis is shed.

Ovulation occurs.

Chlamydia

Pathogen responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Why are the male testes located in the scrotum, outside the abdominopelvic cavity? Their external location is necessary for penile development. Their external location influences the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive. The testes begin their development outside of the abdominopelvic region.

Spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive.

A couple is undergoing evaluation for difficulty conceiving a child. The female is able to ovulate, and the male produces adequate normal sperm. The woman reports 20 days between menses. What problem does this suggest? The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon. Her hypothalamus does not produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Her pituitary does not produce luteinizing hormone. Her pituitary does not produce follicle-stimulating hormone.

The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon.

Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation? The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced. The endometrium enters its secretory phase. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only. The corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans.

The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of meiosis? Oogenesis does not include a second meiotic division. The number of functional gametes produced is different. Oogenesis takes place in the uterus, while spermatogenesis takes place in gonadal tissue. Oogenesis produces three polar bodies, while spermatogenesis produces only one.

The number of functional gametes produced is different.

Which of these is true regarding primary oocytes? They are haploid. They are basically the same things as oogonia. They contain chromosomal tetrads. They begin to form in a female ovary at puberty.

They contain chromosomal tetrads.

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes the role they play? They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens. They are responsible for penile erection. They regulate the temperature of the testes. They contract to allow ejaculation.

They regulate the temperature of the testes.

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum.

Sexually transmitted infections are the most important cause of reproductive disorders. True False

True

The membrane surrounding the ovary is the tunica albuginea. True False

True

The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse. True False

True

Viable sperm production is optimal below the body's core temperature. True False

True

When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male. True False

True

Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell? Once formed, spermatids, but not oocytes, undergo additional rounds of division by mitosis. The egg does not go through the meiotic division processes that the sperm undergo. Unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus. Only one egg can be fertilized at a time.

Unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.

Which of the following is NOT produced by meiosis? a liver cell a sperm cell an egg, or ovum All of the given choices are produced by meiosis.

a liver cell

If embryonic testes do not produce testosterone, a genetic male develops female external genitalia. However, if embryonic testes properly produce testosterone, but a genetic male nevertheless develops female external genitalia, the cause could be ______. a mutation in the gene that codes for development of the paramesonephric ducts a mutation in the gene that codes for the testosterone receptor hyposecretion of MIF hypersecretion of MIF

a mutation in the gene that codes for the testosterone receptor

Erection of the penis results from ________. parasympathetic activation of the bulbourethral glands a parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of nitric oxide dilation of the veins in the penis a sympathetic activation of bulbospongiosus muscles

a parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of nitric oxide

Which portion of the sperm contains the enzymes needed to penetrate the oocyte? acrosome head tail midpiece

acrosome

What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk? areola lactiferous ducts alveoli lactiferous sinus

alveoli

Which of these would be included in the female perineum but NOT the urogenital triangle? vaginal opening labia minora clitoris anus

anus

Amenorrhea can occur in women engaged in extremely strenuous physical activity. It also occurs in women who ______. are pregnant are overweight for a prolonged period of time have the classic type of Addison's disease All of the listed responses are correct.

are pregnant

Which of these does NOT empty materials into the area of the prostatic urethra? seminal gland ductus (vas) deferens prostate bulbo-urethral gland

bulbo-urethral gland

Gonorrhea

causes urethritis in males

What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses? vesicular follicle corpus albicans corpus luteum primary follicle

corpus luteum

When does the total number of chromosomes get reduced from 46 pairs to 23 individual chromosomes? during metaphase II during interphase during meiosis I during mitosis

during meiosis I

Which of these cells would contain 23 chromosomes? spermatogonia early spermatids primary spermatocytes type B daughter cells

early spermatids

Which male reproductive structure is NOT correctly matched with its function? ductus deferens: carry sperm toward ejaculation seminal vesicles: produce semen epididymis: produce sperm bulbourethral gland: neutralize urethra before ejaculation

epididymis: produce sperm

The release of __________ encourages sustentocytes to release __________. follicle-stimulating hormone; androgen-binding protein luteinizing hormone; androgen-binding protein inhibin; testosterone luteinizing hormone; testosterone

follicle-stimulating hormone; androgen-binding protein

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces eight haploid cells. two haploid cells. four diploid cells. four haploid cells. two diploid cells.

four haploid cells.

Which of the following is a likely result of meiosis? four sperm, each with 23 chromosomes four sperm, each with 46 chromosomes two eggs, each with 46 chromosomes two eggs, each with 23 chromosomes

four sperm, each with 23 chromosomes

During prophase I of meiosis, there are two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes. there are four haploid daughter cells. chromosome pairs are positioned in the middle of the cell. homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs. the homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles.

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

Which of the following represents the correct pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube? infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus infundibulum, isthmus, uterus, ampulla ampulla, isthmus, infundibulum, uterus uterus, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus

Which of the following reduces circulating blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when the sperm count is high? estradiol luteinizing hormone (LH) androgen-binding protein (ABP) inhibin

inhibin

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during interphase. meiosis II. anaphase I. prophase I. metaphase I.

interphase

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? clitoris vagina labia minora labia majora

labia majora

The cause of cryptorchidism is typically not understood, but one possible cause might be a narrowing of the inguinal canal. This narrowing could arise from encroachment by any EXCEPT which of the following muscles? transversus abdominis latissimus dorsi internal oblique external oblique

latissimus dorsi

Which of these meiosis stages is functionally the most similar to mitosis meiosis I meiosis II meiosis I with II neither meiosis I nor II

meiosis II

During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed? secretory, or postovulatory, phase proliferative phase preovulatory phase menstrual phase

menstrual phase

Which layer of the uterus is made of smooth muscle? endometrium myometrium mesometrium perimetrium

myometrium

If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place? passage of sperm cells from the rete testes to the epididymis duct passage of sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testes passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra passage of sperm cells from the epididymis duct to the epididymis tail

passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra

Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation development of the female secondary sex characteristics proliferation of the uterine myometrium contraction of uterine muscles

preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision? prepuce (foreskin) bulb of the penis glans penis crus of the penis

prepuce

Which of the following is an effect of estrogens in females? promotes oogenesis promotes water loss (diuresis) promotes lactation suppresses the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

promotes oogenesis

At what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up? anaphase I metaphase I prophase I prophase II

prophase I

Chromosomes can exchange genetic information during a process called "crossing over." This occurs when homologous chromosomes are lined up in pairs. When does this happen? anaphase II prophase I metaphase II anaphase I

prophase I

Genetic variation of individual chromosomes occurs during __________. anaphase I metaphase I prophase I prophase II

prophase I

The correct order of events during meiosis is metaphase I, prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II. prophase I, anaphase I, metaphase I, telophase I, meiosis II, cytokinesis. prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, metaphase I, meiosis II. metaphase I, prophase I, telophase I, anaphase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II. prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur? meiosis II. prophase I. telophase I. Metaphase I. anaphase I.

prophase I.

If an untrained person induces an abortion and severely punctures the posterior vaginal wall, there is a potential risk of the puncture wound extending onward into the wall of the ______. urinary bladder urethra rectum gluteus maximus

rectum

Which of the following cells is released during ovulation? oogonium secondary oocyte primary oocyte ovum

secondary oocyte

Jasmine is started on oral contraceptives containing a combination of an estrogen and progesterone. These will regulate her menstrual cycles and decrease her androgen level. They will also act to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation. What phase of the uterine cycle is caused by sustained elevation of both estrogen and progesterone levels? Menstrual phase. Proliferative phase. Secretory phase. Follicular phase.

secretory phase

Which of the following shows the correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes? rete testis, seminiferous tubule, epididymis, ductus deferens ductus deferens, epididymis, rete testis, seminiferous tubule, ductus deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubule, rete testis seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens

seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens

Sperm is produced in the __________. ejaculatory duct epididymis ductus deferens seminiferous tubules

seminiferous tubules

Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina? receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse serves as the birth canal serves as a passageway for menstrual flow serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

Prostate cancer is ________. often the result of a distortion of the urethra sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient the number one cause of death in men most common in Asians

sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient

Which of the following is the final product of spermiogenesis? type B daughter cells spermatozoa spermatids secondary spermatocytes

spermatozoa

What is the testicular target for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)? sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells) spermatozoa spermatogonia

sustentocytes (Sertoli cells)

Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord? rete testis seminiferous tubules epididymis testicular arteries and veins

testicular arteries and veins

Which hormone promotes the formation of male secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair; enhanced hair growth on the chest; and a deepening voice? luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) testosterone

testosterone

Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________. the follicular phase the luteal phase ovulation pregnancy

the follicular phase

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________. about the same number of each is produced per month they have the same number of chromosomes they have the same degree of motility they are about the same size

they have the same number of chromosomes

What is the function of the blood testis barrier? to ensure that semen contains only sperm and seminal fluid to filter out male sex hormones to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm to provide only select nutrients to the developing sperm

to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm

What is the function of meiosis? to produce genetically identical cells through the two nuclear divisions to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original spermatogonium or oogonium to produce four cells, each with identical chromosomes to produce cells with double the chromosome number of the original cell

to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original spermatogonium or oogonium

Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine? urethra ejaculatory duct ductus (vas) deferens epididymis

urethra

Which gland is NOT matched with its type of secretion? urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine seminal vesicles: 70% of seminal volume bulbourethral glands: lubricating secretion prostate gland: milky, acidic semen

urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine