Chapter 27 Seedless plants
The haploid part of the life cycle is called the ______ and the diploid part of the life cycle is called the ________ .
-gametophyte generation sporophyte generation
Spores grow:
-into gametophyte plants -to form a plant body by mitosis - into a haploid plant
There are two basic types of true leaves: the small ______ with its single vascular strand and the larger _______ with multiple vascular strands. Of these two types of leaves, the _______ represents the majority of leaves we see today.
-microphyll -megaphyll -megaphyll
Bryophytes can be separated into three groups. The groups are ______ , ______ , and ______ .
-mosses -liverworts -hornworts
The sporophyte generation of a plant:
-produces haploid spores by meiosis -is diploid
Each moss plant has tiny, hair-like absorptive structures called ________.
-rhizoids
The diploid zygote of mosses develops into a mature _______.
-sporophyte
Green algae and plants store excess carbohydrates as _____ and have ______ as a major component of their cell walls.
-starch -cellulose
The spore cases on a fern are:
-usually on the fronds -called sporangia -often arranged in sori
The two vascular tissues present in vascular plants are the ______ and the _____ .
-xylem -phloem
Hornworts belong to the phylum _______ and live in disturbed habitats such as fields and roadsides.
Anthocerophyta
Fossil evidence indicates that _______ are probably the first group of plants to arise from the common plant ancestor.
bryophytes
Club mosses were major contributors to our present-day _______.
coal deposits
The waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the:
cuticle
The two main clades of seedless vascular plants are _____ and _____ .
ferns club mosses
In ferns, the sporophyte is composed mainly of an underground stem called the _______ , from which extend true roots and leaves called ______ .
rhizome fronds
The stems of horsetails are impregnated with _______.
silica
In plant life cycles:
the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote
The gametophyte generation of a plant:
-produces haploid gametes by mitosis -is haploid
______ , the spore cases on the leaves of ferns, often occur in clusters called ______ . The mature fern gametophyte is a tiny, green, often heart-shaped structure called a ______ .
Sporangia sori prothallus
Land plants are thought to have evolved from:
green algae
Plant sperm cells form in:
-antheridia -haploid gametophyte plants
The bryophytes:
includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts AND are small plants that lack a vascular system
The body of a liverwort is a flattened, lobed structure called a _______.
thallus
The ____ and ____ are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds.
-gymnosperms -angiosperms
Stomata:
allow gas exchange for photosynthesis
Plants are considered to be a _______ group.
monophyletic
Liverworts:
-are bryophytes -can produce archegonia and antheridia on a haploid gametophyte
The leaves of vascular plants that evolved from branching stems:
-are megaphylls -contain more then one vascular strand
Of the four major groups of plants only the ______ lack a vascular (conducting) system. This group reproduces via _______ . The vascular plants include the ______ , ______ , and ______ .
-bryophytes -spores -seedless vascular plants -gymnosperms -angiosperms
The adaptation of plants to land environments involved a number of important adaptations. Among them was the _______ that covers aerial parts, protecting the plant against water loss. Openings in this covering also developed. These _______ facilitate the gas exchange that is necessary for photosynthesis.
-cuticle -stomata
All plants:
-develop from multicellular embryos -have a cuticle covering the aerial portion of the plant -evolved from green algae -are a monophyletic group -store starch
The carbon used by plants to make sugars and other organic molecules is obtained from _______ present in the atmosphere.
CO2
Plants and the group from which they are thought to be derived have the same photosynthetic pigments. They both contain chlorophylls and , and the carotenoids including xanthophylls (yellow pigments) and carotenes (orange pigments).
a & b
Red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively classified as
archaeplastids
Which of the following is not a characteristic of plants?
unicellular gametangia
_______ is a polymer in the cell walls of large, vascular plants that strengthens and supports the plant and its conducting tissues.
-Lignin
In plants, the male gametes form in the ______ , and the female gametes form in the _______ .
-antheridia -archegonia
Liverworts reproduce sexually and asexually. In sexual reproduction, the haploid gametangia are called _______ and ______.
-archegonia -antheridia
In mosses, fertilization occurs in the _____ . The transfer of gametes relies upon ______ .
-archegonium -water
In the plant life cycle, the first stage in the sporophyte generation is the______ , and the _______ are the first stage of the gametophyte generation.
-diploid zygote -haploid spores
When a gamete produced by an archegonium fuses with a gamete produced by a male gametophyte plant, the result is:
-fertilization -a diploid zygote -the first stage in the sporophyte generation
Plants live one part of their lives in a multicellular haploid stage and another part in a multicellular diploid stage. Having two stages to the life cycle is referred to as _______.
alternation of generations
Which of the following statements about ferns is not true?
ferns are the most important group of bryophytes
A sporangia is:
found on ferns on a vascular plant on a diploid plant
The sex organs of plants, or _______, as they are called, are multicellular structures producing gametes.
gametangia
The leafy green part of a moss is the:
gametophyte generation
During asexual reproduction in liverworts, tiny balls of tissue called _______ form on the thallus, and after they are dispersed by raindrops they will develop into a new liverwort.
gemma
Because of the numerous characteristics that they share, plants are thought to have evolved from ancient forms of ________.
green algae
The green, gametangia-bearing moss plant:
is the haploid gametophyte generation
A strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is:
lignin
Plants have a character that distinguishes them from green algae. That characteristic is development from multicellular embryos enclosed in ______.
maternal tissues