Chapter 27 Seedless plants

The haploid part of the life cycle is called the ______ and the diploid part of the life cycle is called the ________ .

-gametophyte generation sporophyte generation

Spores grow:

-into gametophyte plants -to form a plant body by mitosis - into a haploid plant

There are two basic types of true leaves: the small ______ with its single vascular strand and the larger _______ with multiple vascular strands. Of these two types of leaves, the _______ represents the majority of leaves we see today.

-microphyll -megaphyll -megaphyll

Bryophytes can be separated into three groups. The groups are ______ , ______ , and ______ .

-mosses -liverworts -hornworts

The sporophyte generation of a plant:

-produces haploid spores by meiosis -is diploid

Each moss plant has tiny, hair-like absorptive structures called ________.

-rhizoids

The diploid zygote of mosses develops into a mature _______.

-sporophyte

Green algae and plants store excess carbohydrates as _____ and have ______ as a major component of their cell walls.

-starch -cellulose

The spore cases on a fern are:

-usually on the fronds -called sporangia -often arranged in sori

The two vascular tissues present in vascular plants are the ______ and the _____ .

-xylem -phloem

Hornworts belong to the phylum _______ and live in disturbed habitats such as fields and roadsides.

Anthocerophyta

Fossil evidence indicates that _______ are probably the first group of plants to arise from the common plant ancestor.

bryophytes

Club mosses were major contributors to our present-day _______.

coal deposits

The waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the:

cuticle

The two main clades of seedless vascular plants are _____ and _____ .

ferns club mosses

In ferns, the sporophyte is composed mainly of an underground stem called the _______ , from which extend true roots and leaves called ______ .

rhizome fronds

The stems of horsetails are impregnated with _______.

silica

In plant life cycles:

the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote

The gametophyte generation of a plant:

-produces haploid gametes by mitosis -is haploid

______ , the spore cases on the leaves of ferns, often occur in clusters called ______ . The mature fern gametophyte is a tiny, green, often heart-shaped structure called a ______ .

Sporangia sori prothallus

Land plants are thought to have evolved from:

green algae

Plant sperm cells form in:

-antheridia -haploid gametophyte plants

The bryophytes:

includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts AND are small plants that lack a vascular system

The body of a liverwort is a flattened, lobed structure called a _______.

thallus

The ____ and ____ are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds.

-gymnosperms -angiosperms

Stomata:

allow gas exchange for photosynthesis

Plants are considered to be a _______ group.

monophyletic

Liverworts:

-are bryophytes -can produce archegonia and antheridia on a haploid gametophyte

The leaves of vascular plants that evolved from branching stems:

-are megaphylls -contain more then one vascular strand

Of the four major groups of plants only the ______ lack a vascular (conducting) system. This group reproduces via _______ . The vascular plants include the ______ , ______ , and ______ .

-bryophytes -spores -seedless vascular plants -gymnosperms -angiosperms

The adaptation of plants to land environments involved a number of important adaptations. Among them was the _______ that covers aerial parts, protecting the plant against water loss. Openings in this covering also developed. These _______ facilitate the gas exchange that is necessary for photosynthesis.

-cuticle -stomata

All plants:

-develop from multicellular embryos -have a cuticle covering the aerial portion of the plant -evolved from green algae -are a monophyletic group -store starch

The carbon used by plants to make sugars and other organic molecules is obtained from _______ present in the atmosphere.

CO2

Plants and the group from which they are thought to be derived have the same photosynthetic pigments. They both contain chlorophylls and , and the carotenoids including xanthophylls (yellow pigments) and carotenes (orange pigments).

a & b

Red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively classified as

archaeplastids

Which of the following is not a characteristic of plants?

unicellular gametangia

_______ is a polymer in the cell walls of large, vascular plants that strengthens and supports the plant and its conducting tissues.

-Lignin

In plants, the male gametes form in the ______ , and the female gametes form in the _______ .

-antheridia -archegonia

Liverworts reproduce sexually and asexually. In sexual reproduction, the haploid gametangia are called _______ and ______.

-archegonia -antheridia

In mosses, fertilization occurs in the _____ . The transfer of gametes relies upon ______ .

-archegonium -water

In the plant life cycle, the first stage in the sporophyte generation is the______ , and the _______ are the first stage of the gametophyte generation.

-diploid zygote -haploid spores

When a gamete produced by an archegonium fuses with a gamete produced by a male gametophyte plant, the result is:

-fertilization -a diploid zygote -the first stage in the sporophyte generation

Plants live one part of their lives in a multicellular haploid stage and another part in a multicellular diploid stage. Having two stages to the life cycle is referred to as _______.

alternation of generations

Which of the following statements about ferns is not true?

ferns are the most important group of bryophytes

A sporangia is:

found on ferns on a vascular plant on a diploid plant

The sex organs of plants, or _______, as they are called, are multicellular structures producing gametes.

gametangia

The leafy green part of a moss is the:

gametophyte generation

During asexual reproduction in liverworts, tiny balls of tissue called _______ form on the thallus, and after they are dispersed by raindrops they will develop into a new liverwort.

gemma

Because of the numerous characteristics that they share, plants are thought to have evolved from ancient forms of ________.

green algae

The green, gametangia-bearing moss plant:

is the haploid gametophyte generation

A strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is:

lignin

Plants have a character that distinguishes them from green algae. That characteristic is development from multicellular embryos enclosed in ______.

maternal tissues