chapter 27

32) Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by A) sweating. B) the kidneys. C) the liver. D) the feces. E) buffers.

B) the kidneys.

5) A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere. A) respiratory B) volatile C) organic D) inorganic E) fixed

B) volatile

8) In a lean adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water. A) 60 B) 90 C) 40 D) 10 E) 80 Answer: A

A) 60

14) Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? A) ADH B) angiotensin II C) PTH D) ANP E) epinephrine

A) ADH

3) ________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst. A) ADH B) Aldosterone C) Calcitonin D) Renin E) Natriuretic peptide

A) ADH

4) Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) BNP D) ANP E) epinephrine

A) ADH

13) Which of the following statements is false regarding fluid and electrolyte balance? A) Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content. B) Older people tend to become more dehydrated. C) Kidney functions tend to decrease as one ages. D) Aging correlates with problems in various organ systems, which can enhance acid-base imbalance problems. E) A fetus obtains water and electrolytes from the maternal bloodstream.

A) Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content.

4) A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion. A) buffer B) strong base C) strong acid D) cation E) weak base

A) buffer

37) A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of A) chronic respiratory acidosis. B) chronic respiratory alkalosis. C) acute respiratory acidosis. D) chronic metabolic acidosis.

A) chronic respiratory acidosis.

45) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD) D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)

A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness

6) A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere. A) fixed B) volatile C) respiratory D) organic E) inorganic

A) fixed

1) About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. A) intracellular B) intercellular C) extracellular D) interstitial E) vital

A) intracellular

34) Hypoventilation leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

A) respiratory acidosis.

5) In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. A) 60 B) 50 C) 40 D) 70 E) 80

B) 50

10) ________ will raise blood pH. A) Strenuous exercise B) Hyperventilation C) Diabetes mellitis D) Stomach ulcers E) Smoking

B) Hyperventilation

13) Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) BNP D) ANP E) epinephrine

B) aldosterone

30) The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by A) ADH. B) aldosterone. C) parathormone. D) atrial natriuretic peptides. E) glucocorticoids.

B) aldosterone.

9) When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. A) apotheosis B) alkalosis C) ptosis D) hydrosis E) acidosis

B) alkalosis

28) Secretion of potassium into the urine is A) increased by ADH. B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. C) minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium. D) an indication of dehydration. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

40) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD) D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)

B) consequence of prolonged vomiting

3) Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called A) electrons. B) electrolytes. C) nonelectrolytes. D) osmoregulators. E) buffers.

B) electrolytes.

19) When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls. B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF. C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute. D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF. E) aldosterone is secreted.

B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

27) Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone A) calcitonin. B) parathyroid hormone. C) aldosterone. D) cortisol. E) ADH.

B) parathyroid hormone.

9) The principal cation in intracellular fluid is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) chloride.

B) potassium.

20) Aldosterone A) is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood. B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. C) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure. D) regulates blood calcium levels. E) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

39) A patient that is hyperventilating is at risk for A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

B) respiratory alkalosis.

22) Consuming a meal high in salt will A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. C) decrease thirst. D) cause hypotension. E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

43) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema) D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)

C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)

33) The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to A) buffer stomach acid. B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. D) buffer the urine. E) increase ventilation.

C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

38) A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

C) metabolic acidosis.

42) Severe kidney damage, such as glomerulonephritis, often leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

C) metabolic acidosis.

21) When pure water is consumed, A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases. C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. D) the volume of the ECF decreases. E) the volume of the ICF decreases.

C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

29) To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties must this substance lack in order to be effective? A) permeable to capillary endothelium B) nontoxic to neurons C) permeable to brain plasma membranes D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes E) soluble in water

C) permeable to brain plasma membranes

26) The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of A) calcium ions. B) chlorine ions. C) potassium ions. D) sodium ions. E) electrons.

C) potassium ions.

12) Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because A) the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high. B) the kidneys of the elderly do not work well. C) the aged have less water content in the body. D) other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug.

C) the aged have less water content in the body.

2) Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within A) blood vessels. B) lymph. C) the cells of the body. D) the interstitial space. E) the cerebrospinal fluid.

C) the cells of the body.

16) Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day. A) 10 B) 9 C) 15 D) 7 E) 20

D) 7

7) The normal pH range for ECF is A) 6.5 to 7.5. B) 6.8 to 7.2. C) 7 to 7.5. D) 7.35 to 7.45. E) 7.5 to 8.0.

D) 7.35 to 7.45.

2) The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and A) potassium. B) magnesium. C) phosphate. D) bicarbonate. E) iodine.

D) bicarbonate.

24) Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the A) veins. B) muscles. C) tissues. D) capillaries. E) arteries.

D) capillaries.

1) Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid. A) lymphatic B) intracellular C) plasma D) extracellular E) cerebrospinal

D) extracellular

8) When the pH ________, a state of acidosis exists. A) rises above 7 B) falls below 7 C) falls below 6.5 D) falls below 7.35 E) rises above 7.5

D) falls below 7.35

36) Prolonged vomiting can result in A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

D) metabolic alkalosis.

41) A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

D) metabolic alkalosis.

12) The anions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. C) sodium, potassium, and chloride. D) proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride. E) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.

D) proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride.

10) Which of the following will stimulate thirst? A) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx B) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus C) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus D) stimulation of osmoreceptors E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

18) Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by A) stimulating thirst. B) causing the release of ADH. C) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. D) stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

23) Antidiuretic hormone A) is released from the posterior pituitary gland. B) stimulates water intake. C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. D) is produced by the hypothalamus. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

25) A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. A) water B) sodium C) bicarbonate ion D) hydrogen ion E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

7) The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the A) plasma. B) interstitial fluid. C) cerebrospinal fluid. D) lymph. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

6) All of the following are components of ECF except A) cerebrospinal fluid. B) peritoneal fluid. C) lymph. D) aqueous humor. E) RBCs.

E) RBCs.

31) A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) A) electrolyte. B) acid. C) alkali. D) compensation. E) buffer.

E) buffer.

11) Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of A) oxygen. B) hemoglobin. C) carbon monoxide. D) sodium. E) carbon dioxide.

E) carbon dioxide.

17) The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to A) conserve sodium ions. B) decrease ECF. C) excrete sodium ions. D) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF. E) decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

E) decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

35) In response to respiratory alkalosis, the A) respiratory rate increases. B) tidal volume increases. C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate. D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

15) Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) PTH D) acetylcholine E) natriuretic peptides

E) natriuretic peptides

11) The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are A) potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. C) sodium, potassium, and calcium. D) potassium, hydrogen, and chloride. E) proteins, potassium, and phosphate.

E) proteins, potassium, and phosphate.

44) When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys A) excrete more hydrogen ions. B) excrete more bicarbonate ions. C) excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. D) secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions. E) Secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

E) secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.