Chapter 28

At the time the excerpts were written, Martin Luther King, Jr., disagreed with Malcolm X in that King believed that A confrontation would be an effective means of achieving change B the most desirable outcome of Civil Rights activism would be equal rights and racial integration C Civil Rights activism has its roots in earlier historical patterns D moderation and conciliation would hamper African Americans from gaining civil rights

B

Which of the following post-1945 developments contributed most strongly to the discomfort that members of SDS felt? A The efforts of Congress to adopt legislation to deal with domestic social problems B The disillusionment with United States domestic values and Cold War events C The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision on school desegregation D The support for collective security through international organizations

B

The 1968 Tet Offensive was significant because it A showed that American soldiers were ill equipped to fight in the jungle B pressured North Vietnam to come to the bargaining table C convinced President Johnson to begin bombing Cambodia D reaffirmed popular support for the South Vietnamese government E led to increased antiwar sentiment in the United States

E

In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that A women had a constitutional right to abortion B school segregation was unconstitutional C voting districts had to contain the same number of people D school prayer was illegal under the First Amendment E arrested persons must be informed of their rights

E

The festival near Woodstock, New York, in 1969 is most closely associated with the A women's liberation movement B gay rights movement C environmental movement D Beat Generation E counterculture

E

During the 1960s, sit-in demonstrations were first effectively used by A college students working with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) B Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) C Huey Newton and the Black Panthers D Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam E African American veterans returning from the Second World War

A

The events described in the excerpt contributed most directly to the A desegregation of the armed services B ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution C passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 D Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

C

Which of the following did the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam have in common in the late 1960s? A They advocated ending segregation in the North rather than the South. B They sought affiliation with the American Communist Party. C They emphasized developing a greater sense of Black nationalism and solidarity. D They advocated nonviolent means to achieve their goals. E They split off from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) after the death of Martin Luther King, Jr.

C

Malcolm X's statement suggests that he strongly agreed with A radical leftist movements B conservation movements C the youth counterculture D the sexual revolution

A

What did SDS have most in common with the youth counterculture of the 1960s? A A rejection of many of the values of their parents' generation B A commitment to reforming society through direct political action C A desire to remove themselves from mainstream society and experiment with drugs D A determination to establish gender equality throughout the United States

A

Betty Friedan is best known for her A efforts to organize migrant workers B surprise election to the Senate C criticism of traditional gender roles D support for early childhood education E opposition to the war in Vietnam

C

In the early 1960s, Malcolm X challenged the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., in the Civil Rights movement by arguing that A African Americans must defend themselves against racism by using violence if necessary B nonviolent protest could succeed only when African American and White activists cooperated C African Americans should develop economic and cultural ties with African nations D African Americans could move toward political equality by first developing stronger vocational skills E court litigation was a more effective strategy to gain civil rights than were sit-ins or mass protest rallies

A

In which of the following ways did public attitudes toward the Civil Rights movement change as a result of sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt? A White approval declined as a result of the perception that aggressive policies like those of the Black Panthers resulted in urban unrest. B Liberal feminists adopted the tactics of the Black Panthers in order to increase the influence of their movement. C Young people increasingly rejected the platform of the Black Panthers in favor of nonviolent tactics. D The federal government responded by enacting social welfare programs favored by the Black Panthers.

A

Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X shared the view that A the movement for Black advancement in the United States was part of a global process of social change B it was desirable to work for the desegregation of public facilities C violence was a necessary part of the movement for Black social and political advancement D using the courts to challenge the constitutionality of barriers to Black advancement was not a useful strategy

A

Mexican American activism in the 1950s and 1960s was most directly inspired by which of the following? A The tactics and goals of the African American Civil Rights movement B The emergence of evangelical Christian political activism C The arguments made by conservatives about the role of the federal government D The public reaction against antiwar protesters

A

Which of the following civil rights groups is NOT correctly matched with one of its leading figures? A Southern Christian Leadership Conference . . Marcus Garvey B Black Panthers . . Huey Newton C National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . . Roy Wilkins D Black Muslims . . Malcolm X E Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee . . Stokely Carmichael

A

Which of the following statements about George Wallace's third-party presidential campaign in 1968 is correct? A He appealed to many middle-class voters upset by the civil disobedience associated with the Civil Rights and antiwar demonstrations. B He appealed to the isolationists who opposed United States involvement in Vietnam. C He supported the integrationist goals of Martin Luther King, Jr., but opposed the more extreme tactics of the Black Muslims and Black Panthers. D He was strongly supported by intellectuals and college students who thought the Democratic and Republican parties were both too conservative. E He advocated an expansion of poverty programs in an effort to win the support of the inner-city poor.

A

The Civil Rights movement of the late 1960s was characterized by which of the following? A The establishment of the Back to Africa movement B A growing split between those who advocated nonviolence and those who favored more aggressive tactics to achieve civil rights C Widespread support by southern Whites who had initially resisted the movement D A sharp drop in participation and interestin voter registration drives and other equal-access efforts in the rural South E Strong support for the women's rights movement

B

The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 in order to A encourage women to believe in the "feminine mystique" B challenge sex discrimination in the workplace C oppose the proposed Equal Rights Amendment D advocate restrictions on access to abortion E advocate equal access for women to athletic facilities

B

The case of University of California Regents v. Bakke concerned which of the following issues? A The ban on de jure segregation in California colleges B The constitutionality of policies made to correct racial injustice C Requirements for equal sports opportunities for women D Provisions for equal access to public buildings for the physically disabled E The expulsion of Japanese students from California universities

B

The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States? A Declining public support for fighting communism in developing countries B A growing public debate over the merits and rationale for the Vietnam War C A growing public realization that the United States was unlikely to achieve a clear victory in the Vietnam War D A renewed public commitment to the containment of communism

B

The sentiments expressed in the excerpt are best explained in connection to which of the following broader developments during the period? A Rising influence of evangelical Christian political organizations B A widening political and cultural gap between young people and earlier generations C Growing support for suburbanization and for having large, nuclear families D Increasing calls for the United States to take a more aggressive stance against immigration

B

The support for former Alabama governor George Wallace in the 1968 presidential campaign best illustrates the A impact of the economic downturn on the working class B exploitation of race as a national political issue C growing power of the political Left in American politics D persistence of anticommunism as a political force E loss of faith of many Americans in Republican party policies

B

The tactics described in the excerpt best represent which of the following? A Filing legal challenges B Using nonviolence C Learning self-defense D Petitioning government officials

B

Which of the following best characterizes the goals of Martin Luther King, Jr.? A A peaceful separation of Black people into powerful economic and political groups B A peaceful integration of the races in all areas of society C Federal compensation to Black people for past political and legal injustices D A church-centered Black community removed from the oppression of White people E Constant and, if necessary, violent political and social action to achieve long-sought justice

B

Which of the following most directly contributed to the emergence of Mexican American activism in the 1950s and 1960s? A Decreased demand for agricultural labor in the Southwest B Changing immigration policies and patterns C Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 D Enactment of Great Society social programs

B

One of the immediate consequences of the Tet offensive in 1968 was that A President Johnson completed the process of Vietnamization B North Vietnamese troops took control of Saigon C popular support for the war declined in the United States D the South Vietnamese government was overthrown E Congress gave greater support to President Johnson's war policies

C

Students staged a sit-in in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 to protest A poverty in the South B cutbacks in student aid C segregation of public facilities D the war in Vietnam E the oppression of women

C

The "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" (Southern Manifesto) of 1956 and George Wallace's campaigns for the presidency in 1968 and 1972 all endorsed A tax cuts for middle-income Americans B civil rights for Black people C keeping the federal government out of state matters D a constitutional amendment requiring an annual balanced federal budget E allowing display of the Confederate battle flag on state capitol grounds

C

The Free Speech Movement (FSM), the National Organization for Women (NOW), and the American Indian Movement (AIM) were all largely influenced by the A writings of the Beat Generation B strategies of union organizers C tactics of Civil Rights activists D free-market economic thinkers E liberal platform of the Democratic Party

C

The historical development described in the excerpt can best be explained by which of the following related developments? A The decrease in the number of people going to colleges and universities B The creation of a movement to stop federal desegregation efforts C The persistence of economic and racial disparity in the United States D The reduced concern about the threat of Soviet influence in the United States

C

The opinions expressed in the excerpt are most similar to those of the American Indian Movement in that both groups A believed that the United States should not be involved in foreign wars or other entanglements B asserted that state and local governments should have more power than the United States government C argued that the United States had a responsibility to provide compensation for past injustices D claimed that the United States had a responsibility to enact laws to limit environmental pollution

C

The sentiments expressed in the excerpt best reflect which of the following divisions within the Civil Rights movement? A Optimism among White people in the United States that racial discrimination was being eliminated B Growing support among young activists in the Civil Rights movement for nonviolent protest C Frustrations among Civil Rights activists that social and political change was not occurring fast enough D Tensions within the federal government

C

Which of the following statements would best describe the point being made in the cartoon above about Richard Nixon's administration? A In order for integration policies to work, Nixon needed to pick up the support of the silent majority. B The Nixon administration was arguing that integration was no longer a relevant policy. C Nixon was reversing progress toward integration made in the 1960s. D Nixon needed to attract more Black votes in order to move forward in civil rights. E Nixon supported busing as a means to integration.

C

Which of the following was a key difference between the Korean War and the Vietnam War? A The chances of a direct military clash between the United States and the Soviet Union was greater in the Vietnam War. B United States leaders could more easily argue that communist aggression led to the Vietnam War. C Public opposition was more significant for the Vietnam War than for the Korean War. D The press was more adversarial toward United States policy during the Korean War.

C

In noting that he had "yet to engage in a direct-action campaign that was 'well timed,'" Martin Luther King, Jr., was most likely arguing against A African American activists who asserted that King's tactics were taking too long to produce results B Civil Rights activists who believed that more thought should be given to the precise timing of boycotts, demonstrations, and direct actions C environmental activists who believed that the struggle for more effective conservation measures should take precedence over the Civil Rights movement D White Americans who argued that African Americans should be more patient and that civil rights should not be brought about by civil disobedience tactics

D

Kent State University was the site in 1970 of which of the following events? A A rock concert second only to the Woodstock concert in the number of attendees B A highly publicized sit-in advocating women's rights C The first event in observance of Earth Day, which sought to increase public awareness of environmental degradation D An antiwar demonstration in which four students were killed by members of the National Guard E A demonstration by African American, Hispanic, and White students in support of affirmative action that helped draw public attention to the issue

D

SDS best exemplifies which of the following? A The success of the Civil Rights movement in achieving greater racial integration B The development of new concerns about environmental pollution and the overuse of natural resources C The increased influence of conservatives who opposed expansive social welfare policies and higher taxes D The emergence of radical groups claiming that liberals were doing too little to address racial and economic inequality

D

The Black Power movement of the late 1960s advocated that African Americans A organize political parties sympathetic to communism B establish African American communities in Africa C seek the racial integration of northeastern cities D establish control of their political and economic life E assimilate into White society

D

The Stonewall riots of 1969 were significant because they A marked the end of the African American Civil Rights movement B drew attention to the increasing gap between the incomes of people who were wealthy and people living in poverty C highlighted the efforts of César Chávez to organize Mexican American farmworkers D led to the birth of gay rights organizations around the country E undermined the efforts of the National Organization for Women

D

The cartoon was primarily a response to the A increasing popularity of isolationism among United States policy makers B ongoing controversy over the appropriate use of executive branch authority in conducting foreign policy C expanding opposition to the Korean War D growing debate over the Vietnam War

D

The decision guaranteeing the rights of Mexican Americans to serve on juries most directly resulted from which of the following historical processes during this period? A The utilization of strikes to demand increased compensation B The effort to identify suspected communists in the federal government C The expansion of social welfare programs by the federal government D The use of court challenges to obtain legal reforms

D

The quotation above is from A Booker T. Washington B Marcus Garvey C Langston Hughes D Martin Luther King, Jr. E Stokely Carmichael

D

Which of the following later movements held ideas closest to those expressed by Garvey in the excerpt? A A. Philip Randolph's organizing of Black railroad workers into the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters B Thurgood Marshall and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's legal efforts to desegregate schools in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka C Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, efforts to win equal rights for African Americans through nonviolent civil disobedience D Malcolm X's Black nationalism emphasizing racial pride and economic self-sufficiency

D

Which of the following was a long-term reaction to the actions of the youth addressed in the excerpt? A The establishment of organizations to address environmental concerns B The expansion of United States military involvement in Southeast Asia C The rejection of nonviolent tactics by the majority of civil rights groups D The emergence of a conservative backlash against perceived cultural decline

D

Betty Friedan's best-selling book of the 1960s observed that A racism blocked the Civil Rights movement B environmental problems plagued the country C immigrants had access to few social services D conflicts increased between supporters of Black separatism and supporters of integration E many middle-class housewives and mothers felt frustration and a lack of fulfillment

E

The central point of the 1960s cartoon above was that A the public was more interested in foreign policy than in domestic reforms B the President was more interested in domestic programs than in foreign policy C protesters were successfully challenging the goals of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society D opposition to the Vietnam War improved Lyndon B. Johnson's hopes for reelection E the cost of the Vietnam War limited the President's ability to carry out domestic programs

E

In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued that women A who spent their lives as mothers and homemakers were generally satisfied with their lives B needed counseling if they were dissatisfied with their domestic lives C should battle for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment D experienced a discrepancy between the reality and the public image of their lives E have special talents and abilities different from those of men

D