chapter 28 learning curve ap euro
What key military strategy at the Tehran Conference of 1943 had momentous implications in the Cold War?
A British-U.S. assault on Germany through France -Franklin Roosevelt agreed with Joseph Stalin that an American-British assault through France would be better than Winston Churchill's suggestion of an attack through the Balkans, though it was not to occur as quickly as the Soviet leader desired.
Which factor contributed to Great Britain's granting of sovereignty to India in 1947?
The return of the Labour Party to power in Britain -When the Labour Party came to power in Great Britain in 1945, it was ready to relinquish sovereignty because British socialists had long been critics of imperialism.
What was an important consequence in the Soviet Union of the "Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland"?
A rare but real unity between Soviet rulers and most citizens -The war had fostered Russian nationalism and a relaxation of dictatorial terror.
What was an important consequence in the Soviet Union of the "Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland"?
A strengthening of Russian nationalism -The war had fostered Russian nationalism and a relaxation of dictatorial terror.
According to the map, which of the following countries experienced both colonial and postcolonial conflict?
Algeria -Algeria saw a bitter fight for independence with France and experience postcolonial conflict as well.
Which factor contributed to helping women secure jobs in the postwar western European workplace?
An economic boom created a strong demand for labor. -Rapid economic growth in the immediate postwar years created a need for workers to fill the growing number of jobs.
What were the Nuremberg trials, held after World War II?
An international tribunal for the highest-ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders -The Nuremberg trials of 1945 to 1946 charged the highest-ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders with crimes against humanity.
Why did the United States sometimes help an authoritarian regime take power in a country experiencing decolonization from the 1950s to the 1970s?
Because the authoritarian regime opposed communism -The United States promoted cautious moves toward self-determination in the context of containment, attempting to limit the influence of communism in newly liberated states. With the emphasis on containment, however, the United States was often willing to support authoritarian regimes that voiced staunch anticommunism.
How did the decolonization of the Belgian Congo differ from decolonization in Tanzania and Ghana?
Belgium held the Belgian Congo much longer than Britain held Tanzania and Ghana. -Belgian leaders, profiting from the colony's wealth of natural resources and proud of their small nation's imperial status, maintained a system of apartheid there and dragged their feet in granting independence.
What new model for science led to the development of things like radar, new rocketry, and the atomic bomb?
Big Science -By combining theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large bureaucratic organization, Big Science could tackle extremely difficult problems, from new and improved weapons for the military to better products for consumers.
Which group appealed to the most voters in places like West Germany after World War II?
Christian Democrats -Rooted in the Catholic parties of the prewar decades, the Christian Democrats offered voters tired of radical politics a center-right vision of reconciliation and recovery.
What did Westerners call the reforms that were spurred by Nikita Khrushchev's "secret speech" of 1956?
De-Stalinization -Khrushchev brought in new party members, called for a relaxation of tensions with the West, and instructed state planners to shift resources from heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture and to relax Stalinist workplace controls.
Which East Bloc country resisted reforms in the 1950s altogether?
East Germany -The East German regime stubbornly resisted reform.
Which country's postwar economic system most hindered it from competitively producing and distributing inexpensive consumer goods?
East Germany -The race to provide ordinary people with higher living standards would be a central aspect of the Cold War, as the Communist East Bloc struggled to catch up to Western standards of prosperity and never really succeeded.
Which country was most likely to practice a policy of nonalignment during the Cold War?
Egypt -The nonalignment policy was adopted by postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and the Soviet Union for what they could get.
What prompted the Suez crisis in 1956?
Egypt nationalized the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, infuriating the British. -In July 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser abruptly nationalized the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, the last symbol and substance of Western power in the Middle East.
How did the average family size in the 1950s compare to that in the 1960s?
Family size was larger in the 1950s. -The postwar baby boom made for larger families and fairly rapid population growth of 1 to 1.5 percent per year in many European countries during the 1950s, but the long-term decline in birthrates resumed by the 1960s.
What did the Communist governments of the East Bloc implement to achieve economic reconstruction?
Five-year plans -Within the East Bloc, the newly installed Communist governments moved quickly to restructure national economies along Soviet lines, nationalizing most industries and businesses.
On what principles was the postwar West German "social-market economy" based?
Free-trade liberalism, some state intervention, and extensive social benefits -The "social-market economy" was a decisive break from the straitjacketed Nazi economy.
Based on the map, which European country faced the greatest task of rebuilding and resettlement after World War II?
Germany -With a greater flow of refugees into and out of the country, the highest number of cities substantially destroyed during the war, and the division into zones of occupation, Germany faced the greatest rebuilding and resettlement task after World War II.
What was a long-term result of the Berlin blockade (1948-1949)?
Greater American confidence in containment -The Berlin crisis seemed to show that containment worked and thus strengthened American resolve to maintain a strong European and U.S. military presence in western Europe. As a result, in 1949 the United States formed NATO, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments. The Soviets countered in 1955 by organizing the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its Communist satellites.
What was Nikita Khrushchev's position on Soviet foreign policy after he became the Soviet leader in the mid-1950s?
He wanted better relations with the West. -Khrushchev called for a relaxation of tensions with the West and negotiated with Western diplomats, agreeing in 1955, for example, to independence for a neutral Austria after ten long years of Allied occupation.
When he gained power after Joseph Stalin's death, what position did Nikita Khrushchev take on the need to reform the Soviet Union?
He wanted to make major innovations quickly. -Khrushchev brought in new party members, called for a relaxation of tensions with the West, and instructed state planners to shift resources from heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture and to relax Stalinist workplace controls.
Which country's postwar economic system most hindered it from competitively producing and distributing inexpensive consumer goods?
Hungary -As a member of the Communist bloc, Hungary's planned economy struggled to catch up to Western standards of prosperity and never really succeeded.
Which of the following is an example of the postcolonial migration seen in 1945?
Immigrants from Indonesia moved to the Netherlands -Indonesia was a former colony of the Netherlands, so Indonesians could potentially claim citizenship, which was a major motivation in the move of former colonial peoples to Europe.
How was Germany divided after World War II?
Into four occupation zones: an American zone, a British zone, a French zone, and a Soviet zone -The authorities in each zone worked to punish those guilty of Nazi atrocities. However, full "denazification" became impractical, as both Europe and the Soviet Union needed Germany to rebuild.
What role did communism play in post-World War II western Europe?
It developed sizable parties in some western European countries and won small minorities in some states. -Large, well-organized Communist parties criticized the growing role of the United States in western Europe and challenged their own governments with violent rhetoric and strikes. In Italy, which boasted the largest Communist Party outside the Soviet bloc, Communists won 19 percent of the vote in 1946, and French Communists earned 28 percent of the vote the same year.
Why did the strategy devised in 1943 for the British and Americans to make an assault on Germany through France have momentous implications for the Cold War?
It meant that western Europe would be liberated by Western powers and eastern Europe by the Soviets. -The agreement on a British-U.S. invasion of France also ensured that the American-British and Soviet armies would come together in defeated Germany along a north-south line and that Soviet troops would play the predominant role in pushing the Germans out of eastern and central Europe. Thus, the basic shape of postwar Europe was cast even as the fighting continued.
Which factor contributed to helping women secure jobs in the post-World War II workplace?
Jobs in education and health care, already open to women, became central to the economy. -The economy continued its gradual shift away from the old, male-dominated heavy industries, such as coal, steel, and shipbuilding, toward the white-collar service industries in which some women already worked, such as government, education, trade, and health care.
Who replaced Nikita Khrushchev as Soviet premier during a bloodless coup in 1964?
Leonid Brezhnev -After taking power from Khrushchev, Brezhnev began a period of limited re-Stalinization and policies that produced economic stagnation.
Who became the model for membership in the new middle class of both eastern and western Europe after 1945?
Managers and civil servants -Well-paid and highly trained, often with backgrounds in engineering or accounting, these pragmatic experts were primarily concerned with efficiency and practical solutions to concrete problems.
Though the specifics of their programs were different, how was denazification the same in the Western and Soviet zones of postwar Germany?
Many former Nazis found leading positions in government and industry in both areas. -Neither side was able to fully eradicate Nazi bureaucrats and personnel because of the sheer number of perpetrators and the need for experienced individuals to staff rebuilding institutions.
What happened to Jewish survivors of the Nazi concentration camps immediately following the end of World War II (1945-1947)?
Many moved first to displaced persons camps and then dispersed to different areas. -The newly established United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration opened more than 760 displaced persons camps and spent $10 billion to house, feed, clothe, and repatriate the refugees, both Jews and non-Jews.
Based on the map, which statement describes the distribution of Marshall Plan money?
Marshall Plan aid helped prevent the spread of communism beyond the East Bloc. -None of the countries that received Marshall Plan aid developed a Communist government, a key goal of the reconstruction plan.
How did the European middle class change from the nineteenth century to the post-World War II period?
Membership shifted from people with property in the 1800s to those with management expertise after 1945. -Ability to serve the needs of a big organization largely replaced inherited property and family connections in determining an individual's social position in the middle and upper middle classes.
Who led the 1920s and 1930s independence movement in India?
Mohandas Gandhi -In the 1920s and 1930s, Gandhi built a mass movement preaching nonviolent "noncooperation" with the British.
Why did the 1948 Council of Europe fail to evolve into a European parliament?
Nations like Britain refused to concede their sovereignty to a European political body. -With its still-vast empire, Britain — as well as prominent nationalists and Communists on the continent — refused to turn over sovereignty to the council.
Why did the 1957 European Economic Community fail to quickly evolve into a European parliament?
Nations like France, led by Charles de Gaulle, refused to concede their sovereignty. -de Gaulle withdrew all French military forces from what he called an "American-controlled" NATO, developed France's own nuclear weapons, and vetoed the scheduled advent of majority rule within the Common Market.
What was an impact on everyday life of Europe's "economic miracle"?
Near full employment and high wages -As the percentage of income spent on necessities such as housing and food declined dramatically, near full employment and high wages meant that more Europeans could buy more things than ever before.
What term is used to describe the postcolonial system that perpetuated Western economic exploitation in former territories?
Neocolonialism -Neocolonialism was a system designed to perpetuate Western economic domination and undermine the promise of political independence, thereby extending to Africa the kind of economic subordination that the United States had imposed on Latin America in the nineteenth century.
What was Mohandas Gandhi's message to his followers about British rule in India?
Nonviolent noncooperation -In the 1920s and 1930s, Gandhi built a mass movement preaching nonviolent "noncooperation" with the British.
The following is an excerpt from Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth (Evaluating the Evidence 28.3). In it, he discusses the role of violence in decolonization: "Violence alone, violence committed by the people, violence organized and educated by its leaders, makes it possible for the masses to understand social truths and gives the key to them. Without that struggle, without that knowledge of the practice of action, there's nothing but a fancy dress parade and the blare of the trumpets. There's nothing save a minimum of readaptation, a few reforms at the top, a flag waving: and down there at the bottom an undivided mass, still living in the middle ages, endlessly marking time." With which of the following statements would Fanon have agreed?
Only violent revolution can give colonized people their true freedom. -Fanon shocked Western audiences with his assertion that only violence could restore political freedom and human dignity to colonized peoples.
Which East Bloc country achieved some independence from the Soviets in 1956 by promising to remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact?
Poland -By promising to remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact, the Polish Communists managed to win greater autonomy from Soviet control; the new leadership maintained Communist control even as it tolerated a free peasantry and an independent Catholic Church.
How was life different for the lower classes after 1945?
Quality of life was greatly improved because high taxes created welfare benefits. -The welfare benefits extended by postwar governments helped promote greater social equality by raising lower-class living standards and were paid for in part by higher taxes on the wealthy.
How did the Indonesians gain independence from the Dutch in 1949?
Several years of guerilla warfare -Dutch imperialists faced a determined group of rebels inspired by a powerful combination of nationalism, Marxism, and Islam, and in 1949, the Netherlands reluctantly accepted Indonesian independence.
Which trend contributed to the rise of the 1960s women's equality movement in the United States and western Europe?
Sexism and discrimination in the workplace -Sexism and discrimination in the workplace — and in the home — grew loathsome and evoked the sense of injustice that drives revolutions and reforms.
Which of the following was a downside to the expansion of higher education in the United States and western Europe after the 1950s?
Some students felt that the education was not preparing them for modern jobs. -Many students felt that they were not getting the kind of education they needed for jobs in the modern world.
Where in western Europe were authoritarian rather than democratic regimes present during the postwar years?
Spain, Portugal, and Greece -Though Portugal, Spain, and Greece generally supported NATO and the United States in the Cold War, they proved exceptions to the rule of democratic transformation outside the Soviet bloc.
In his "secret speech" at the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956, what did Nikita Khrushchev tell Communist Party members?
Stalin's rule was unjust. -Khrushchev brought in new party members, called for a relaxation of tensions with the West, and instructed state planners to shift resources from heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture and to relax Stalinist workplace controls.
Who were the "Big Three" who met in Tehran in 1943?
Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt -The conference that the Big Three held in the Iranian capital of Teheran in November 1943 proved crucial for determining the shape of the postwar world.
What impact did the Soviet response to the 1956 Hungarian revolution have on the West?
Tens of thousands of western Communist Party members resigned in disgust over Soviet actions. -The brutal repression deeply discouraged those who still believed in the possibility of an equitable socialist society.
The following is an excerpt from the exchange in the Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate" (Evaluating the Evidence 28.2). In it, Khrushchev responds to Nixon's statement that the United States has been in existence for one hundred and fifty years: "One hundred and fifty years? Well then we will say America has been in existence for 150 years and this is the level she has reached. We have existed not quite 42 years and in another seven years we will be on the same level as America. When we catch you up, in passing you by, we will wave to you. Then if you wish we can stop and say: Please follow up. Plainly speaking, if you want capitalism you can live that way. That is your own affair and doesn't concern us. We can still feel sorry for you but since you don't understand us — live as you do understand. . . ." What assumption underlay Khrushchev's statement?
That Americans did not really understand communism -Khrushchev believed that communism was superior to capitalism, but in this excerpt, he did not say that the United States would give up capitalism because it did not understand what it was missing.
The following is an excerpt from the exchange in the Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate" (Evaluating the Evidence 28.2). In it, Khrushchev responds to Nixon's statement that the United States has been in existence for one hundred and fifty years: "One hundred and fifty years? Well then we will say America has been in existence for 150 years and this is the level she has reached. We have existed not quite 42 years and in another seven years we will be on the same level as America. When we catch you up, in passing you by, we will wave to you. Then if you wish we can stop and say: Please follow up. Plainly speaking, if you want capitalism you can live that way. That is your own affair and doesn't concern us. We can still feel sorry for you but since you don't understand us — live as you do understand. . . ." What assumption underlay Khrushchev's statement?
That the Soviet Union was making rapid progress -Khrushchev predicted that the Soviet Union would catch up to the United States in seven years.
Signed in 1957, the Treaty of Rome created what European economic body?
The Common Market -Also known as the European Economic Community, the Common Market was created by six western and central European countries in the West Bloc in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity.
What economic organization was created by two French statesmen in 1950 to foster western European economic cooperation?
The European Coal and Steel Community -Two far-seeing French statesmen, the planner Jean Monnet and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman, called for a special international organization to control and integrate all European steel and coal production, which Christian Democratic governments in West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg accepted.
What factor contributed to the western European "economic miracle" of the 1950s?
The Korean War -Building on the Marshall Plan, the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 further stimulated economic activity, and Europe entered a period of rapid economic progress that lasted into the late 1960s.
Which event or policy spurred the Soviet establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in 1949?
The Marshall Plan -COMECON was an economic plan meant to assist eastern European states within the Soviet bloc recover without being put into the debt of the Americans.
Which development contributed directly to the western European "economic miracle" of the 1950s?
The Marshall Plan -The Marshall Plan was a highly successful, American-financed economic recovery package that helped Europe to rebuild after World War II. In 1948, as Marshall Plan dollars poured in, the battered economies of western Europe began to improve.
Which country was the first to launch a man-made satellite to orbit the earth?
The Soviet Union -In 1957, the Soviets used long-range rockets developed in their nuclear weapons program to launch Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the earth.
In his "secret speech" at the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956, what did Nikita Khrushchev tell Communist Party members?
The Soviet Union needed major changes. -Khrushchev brought in new party members, called for a relaxation of tensions with the West, and instructed state planners to shift resources from heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture and to relax Stalinist workplace controls.
Which country was the first to land a manned spacecraft on the moon?
The United States -The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, founded in 1958, won a symbolic victory by landing a manned spacecraft on the moon in 1969.
Why was the postcolonial status of the Congo problematic for the United States?
The United States worried that the Congo might fall into Soviet hands. -With substantial financial investments in the Congo, the United States and western Europe worried that the new nation might be susceptible to Soviet influence.
What was an impact on everyday life of Europe's "economic miracle"?
The availability of radios and washing machines to the average person -As the percentage of income spent on necessities such as housing and food declined dramatically, near full employment and high wages meant that more Europeans could buy more things than ever before.
What developments in eastern and western European countries after 1945 were similar?
The change in class differentiation -Though the change was much more pronounced in the East, where the difference between the top and bottom strata of societies was far smaller, even in the West, class differences began to blur with the expansion of the middle class.
Which development reveals the ineffectiveness of Nikita Khrushchev's policy toward relations with the West?
The construction of the Berlin Wall -In 1961, with Khrushchev's backing, the East German authorities built a wall between East Berlin and West Berlin, sealing off West Berlin in clear violation of existing access agreements between the Great Powers.
What was a long-term result of the Berlin blockade (1948-1949)?
The creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact -The Berlin crisis seemed to show that containment worked and thus strengthened American resolve to maintain a strong European and U.S. military presence in western Europe. As a result, in 1949 the United States formed NATO, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments. The Soviets countered in 1955 by organizing the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its Communist satellites.
What was a long-term result of the Berlin blockade (1948-1949)?
The creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact The Berlin crisis seemed to show that containment worked and thus strengthened American resolve to maintain a strong European and U.S. military presence in western Europe. As a result, in 1949 the United States formed NATO, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments. The Soviets countered in 1955 by organizing the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its Communist satellites.
Which of the following was a long-term result of the Berlin blockade (1948-1949)?
The creation of two separate German states -The breaking of the Berlin blockade paved the way for the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), aligned with the United States, and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), aligned with the Soviet Union.
Which factor contributed to Great Britain's granting of sovereignty to India in 1947?
The financial burden of governing India -The heavy cost of governing India had become a large financial burden to the war-wracked country, helping convince the government to grant independence.
What factor contributed to the western European "economic miracle" of the 1950s?
The focus of postwar European governments on economic growth -The Marshall Plan started this process, but then economic growth became the chief focus of leaders and voters in western Europe, who determined to avoid a return to the dangerous and demoralizing stagnation of the 1930s.
What was the name for the western European practice of recruiting labor from other, less-developed countries in the 1950s and 1960s?
The guest worker programs -These government-run programs in western Europe were designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.
What caused the Cuban missile crisis in 1962?
The installment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba -Emboldened by American acceptance of the Berlin Wall, Nikita Khrushchev secretly ordered missiles with nuclear warheads installed in Fidel Castro's Communist Cuba in 1962.
Thanks to reforms in industry and economics in the 1950s, what was the status in the East Bloc and Soviet Union by the 1960s?
The low standard of living had improved. -Soviet and East Bloc reforms sparked a limited consumer revolution, and people in Communist countries purchased automobiles, televisions, and other goods in increasing numbers during the 1960s.
Why were western Europeans of the 1950s and 1960s more inclined to take on debt than prewar Europeans?
The new social security system eased the worry over having to save for emergencies and old age. -With the expansion of social security safeguards reducing the need to accumulate savings for hard times and old age, ordinary people were increasingly willing to take on debt, and new banks and credit unions offered loans for consumer purchases on easy terms.
How did World War II impact decolonization?
The war opened the colonial powers to challenge and undermined the stability of their rule in the colonies. -By 1939, the colonial powers were already on the defensive; the Second World War prepared the way for the eventual triumph of independence movements.
Which was a factor that led prominent European intellectuals of the 1950s and 1960s to suggest that migrants from North Africa and Turkey would never adopt European values and customs?
Their Muslim faith -Immigrants faced employment and housing discrimination as well as the harsh anti-immigrant rhetoric and policies of xenophobic politicians who mistrusted Islam.
What position taken by American and British leaders frustrated Soviet leader Joseph Stalin for much of World War II?
Their delay in opening a western front -As soon as the alliance was formed, Stalin pressed for the Western allies to invade France, and he was angered by their delay in doing so — a delay that continued even in 1943, when the Americans and British finally agreed to invade but did not promise to do so immediately.
After achieving independence, what relationship did most of Britain's African colonies have with that country?
They became members of the British Commonwealth. -Most of Britain's African colonies attained independence with little or no bloodshed and maintained amicable relations with Britain as members of the Commonwealth.
Why did Christian Democratic political parties appeal to so many voters in postwar western Europe?
They championed a return to traditional family values. -This was a vision with great appeal after a war that had left many broken families and destitute households; the Christian Democrats often received a majority of women's votes.
The following is an excerpt from Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth (Evaluating the Evidence 28.3). In it, he discusses the role of violence in decolonization: "Violence alone, violence committed by the people, violence organized and educated by its leaders, makes it possible for the masses to understand social truths and gives the key to them. Without that struggle, without that knowledge of the practice of action, there's nothing but a fancy dress parade and the blare of the trumpets. There's nothing save a minimum of preadaptation, a few reforms at the top, a flag waving: and down there at the bottom an undivided mass, still living in the middle ages, endlessly marking time." According to Fanon, what happens when a colonized people gain independence without going through a violent struggle?
They experience little real change. -Fanon believed that independence without struggle produced superficial changes at the top of society but left the mass of people "still living in the middle ages."
The following is an excerpt from Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth (Evaluating the Evidence 28.3). In it, he discusses the role of violence in decolonization: "Violence alone, violence committed by the people, violence organized and educated by its leaders, makes it possible for the masses to understand social truths and gives the key to them. Without that struggle, without that knowledge of the practice of action, there's nothing but a fancy dress parade and the blare of the trumpets. There's nothing save a minimum of readaptation, a few reforms at the top, a flag waving: and down there at the bottom an undivided mass, still living in the middle ages, endlessly marking time." According to Fanon, what happens when a colonized people gain independence without going through a violent struggle?
They experience little real change. -Fanon believed that independence without struggle produced superficial changes at the top of society but left the mass of people "still living in the middle ages."
Why did countries like Britain and West Germany need guest workers in the 1950s and 1960s?
They needed able-bodied workers after the heavy loss of labor during World War II. -Workers from less-developed countries like Italy, Spain, and socialist Yugoslavia moved to the industrialized north, particularly to West Germany, which — having lost 5 million people during the war — was in desperate need of able-bodied workers.
Why did Christian Democratic political parties appeal to so many voters in postwar western Europe?
They offered voters a center-right vision of reconciliation and recovery. -For Europeans tired of radical politics, the Christian Democratic political position was highly desirable.
How did Communist Party leaders in the East Bloc deal with strikes in the 1950s?
They suppressed the strikes with force. -A strike by Berlin construction workers protesting poor wages and increased work quotas led to nationwide demonstrations that were put down with Soviet troops and tanks.
What was the purpose of the 1947 Marshall Plan?
To aid in European economic recovery -The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to provide American economic aid to help western Europe rebuild.
What was the purpose of the 1947 Marshall Plan?
To create political stability in western Europe -Recognizing that an economically and politically stable western Europe would be an effective block against the popular appeal of communism, U.S. secretary of state George C. Marshall offered Europe economic aid.
What was Leonid Brezhnev's strategy in foreign policy after he became Soviet leader in 1964?
To ensure that the Soviet Union was not humiliated by American nuclear superiority -Though Brezhnev and company proceeded cautiously in the mid-1960s and avoided direct confrontation with the United States, they also launched a massive arms buildup.
What goal did Leonid Brezhnev have for domestic policy after he became Soviet leader in the 1960s?
To re-Stalinize the Soviet Union -Under Brezhnev, the U.S.S.R. began a period of limited re-Stalinization and economic stagnation.
What was one benefit of Big Science that ordinary people widely enjoyed in the 1950s and 1960s?
Transistors -The transistor was used in computers and also in portable radios, kitchen appliances, and many other consumer products.
How successful were the Allies at "denazifying" Germany after World War II?
Ultimately, many former Nazis ended up in leading positions in German government and industry. -In neither the Western zones nor the Soviet zone did officials manage to prosecute every German or Austrian implicated in Nazi war crimes. Eventually, the Allies found that they needed some of these individuals to staff German political, social, and economic institutions.
According to the map, what do South Vietnam and North Vietnam have in common with Angola?
Violence both before and after independence -North and South Vietnam saw intense fighting with France in the effort to gain independence and then the postcolonial conflict of the Vietnam War. Angola had a long-term fight for independence with Portugal and fighting between rival groups after gaining its independence.
What caused the Berlin blockade in 1948?
Western allies replaced the currency in their zones of Germany and Berlin. -In June 1948, the Western allies replaced the currency in their zones of Germany and Berlin, an early move in plans to establish a separate West German state sympathetic to U.S. interests. The currency reform violated the peace settlement and raised Stalin's fears of the American presence in Europe. In response, he blocked all traffic through the Soviet zone of Germany to Berlin in an attempt to win concessions and perhaps reunify the city under Soviet control.
Which group saw great improvement in their quality of life because of the welfare benefits implemented by post-1945 European governments?
Workers -The welfare benefits extended by postwar governments helped promote greater social equality by raising lower-class living standards. In addition, they were paid for in part by higher taxes on the wealthy.
Which statement characterizes the general pattern of migration in Europe during the 1950s and 1960s?
Workers left Turkey to find work in West Germany. -The general pattern of migration was from southern countries like Turkey to northern countries like West Germany.
At which conference did the Allies agree that the four victorious powers would each occupy a separate zone of Germany?
Yalta -In addition to dividing Germany into four zones and agreeing that Germany would pay heavy reparations to the Soviet Union, the Yalta Conference was also the beginning of discussions about free elections in Soviet and Western-occupied central and eastern Europe.
The British Teddy Boys, the West German Halbstarken, and the French blouson noirs are examples of what postwar phenomenon?
Youth movements inspired by American film stars -They modeled their rebellious clothing and cynical attitudes on the bad-boy characters played by U.S. film stars, such as James Dean and Marlon Brando.
Which eastern European Communist state proclaimed political independence and resisted Soviet domination?
Yugoslavia -Josef Broz Tito, Communist leader of Yugoslavia, stood up to Stalin in 1948, and because there was no Russian army in Yugoslavia, he got away with it.
As shown on the map, the "iron curtain" divided the world into a Soviet zone of influence and a Western bloc. Which Communist country was not part of the Soviet zone?
Yugoslavia -Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz Tito, remained outside the Soviet bloc.
The following is an excerpt from West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard's reflections on the expansion of consumption in postwar Europe (Evaluating the Evidence 28.1): "I have often pointed out that the consumption of quality goods can only be expanded provided we tolerate their use being confined initially to a relatively small number of people in the higher income brackets. If this is not accepted, and if the enjoyment of such goods is regarded as indulgence and made the subject of social obloquy and hostility, then the economy will be forced to abandon production in this sector, and there will be a corresponding loss of potential national income (and jobs) and the growth of the country's productive capacity will be forcibly curtailed. One section of the press actually challenged me to say how an old-age pensioner was to set about getting his refrigerator. To this puerile question I replied that the first motor-cars in America were presumably not run by pensioners but by millionaires, and I do not consider this reply unduly flippant." Erhard believed that the expansion of consumption would and should begin with
the wealthy. -Erhard argued that it was necessary to accept that new products would always be consumed by the wealthy first.