HIST 1302 Ch. 30

lincoln-douglas debates

..., 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

conscientious objector

...

the state of the nation in 1968

...

sedition amendment

..., (1) 1918 amendment to the Espionage Act that criminalized any "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the US government, flag, or military; (2) an example of the curbing of civil liberties during a time of perceived threat

works progress administration

..., (FDR) WPA 1935, , May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

peace corps

..., (JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

william lloyd garrison

..., 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

dawes severalty act

..., 1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

seventeenth amendment

..., 1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

wagner act

..., 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

medical care act

..., 1965 Great Society law that created Medicare and Medicaid--federal govt health insurance plans for senior citizens and welfare recipients. President Johnson's Great Society program

voting rights act

..., 1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

gulf war

..., A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq

silent spring

..., A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. By Rachel Carson.

vietcong

..., A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

second great awakening

..., A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

kitchen cabinet

..., A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".

checks and balances

..., A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

league of nations

..., A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

benjamin franklin

..., American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Baton Rouge

1953 black church leaders mounded weeklong boycott on city's bus system; modified traditional segregated seating rules

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court decision desegregated public schools; but slow to take effect and lack of presidential support

In God We Trust

1956 made mandatory on all coins and currency, and the national motto. • A godly nation would better withstand the march of godless communism.

Highway Act

1956 one significant legislation achievement of Eisenhower; Congress approved funds for 41,000 mile interstate highway system; benefited trucking, automobiles, organized labors, farmers, highway officials

Civil Rights Act

1957 first civil rights legislation enacted by Congress in the United States since Reconstruction; created permanent commission for civil rights

Viet Cong/National Liberation Front

1960 resistance groups coalesced as National liberation Front, VC still disrupting South with guerrilla warfare.

William McKinley

25th President of the United States. Supporter if big business, pushed for high protective tariffs. Assassinated by anarchist in 1901.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Office of Strategic Services (OSS)

a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

John Marshall

John Marshall served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court form 1801 until his death in 1835. Under his leadership, the Court became as powerful a federal force as the executive and legislative branches. Marshall's most notable decision came in Marbury v. Madison. During James Monroe's term in office, Marshall delivered two rulings in 1819 that curtailed states' rights and exposed the latent conflicts in the Era of Good Feelings.

John Rolfe

John Rolfe was an English settler in Jamestown. He married the daughter of the chief of the Native American Powhatan tribe, Pocahontas, and introduced the Jamestown colonists to West Indian tobacco in 1616. Tobacco soon became the lifeblood of Jamestown colony, bringing in much revenue and many immigrants eager for a share in the colony's expanding wealth.

John Smith

John Smith effectively saved Jamestown when the colony was on the verge of collapse in 1608, its first year of existence. Smith's initiatives to improve sanitation and hygiene and to organize work gans to gather food and build shelters dramatically lowered mortality rates among Jamestown colonists.

Alliance for Progress

a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems

Nat Turner

Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. This led to deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks, and reinforced the Virginia legislature's laws against emancipation. It also led to the "gag rule," which outlawed any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives.

NASA (1958)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, to coordinate research and development in the field. Before the end of the year, NASA unveiled a program to put people in orbit, but first flight taken until May 5, 1961.

National Security Act of 1947

National Military Establishment, headed by secretary of defense; act made permanent the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a wartime innovation, and established the CIS to coordinate global intelligence-gathering activities.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964:

Outlawed segregation in public facilities.

Tennesse Valley Authority(TVA)

Part of FDR's New Deal, the TVA worked to develop energy production sites and conserve resources int eh Tennessee Valley. Although the TVA pumped money in the economy and completed a number of major projects, environmentalists, advocates of energy conservation and opponents of nuclear power all eventually found reason to oppose the TVA.

Force Bill

Part of the Compromise of 1833, the Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use arms to collect customs duties in South Carolina.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Vietnam War

President Kennedy, concerned that communist success in North Vietnam would cause communist revolutions in other countries, began supplying the South Vietnamese government with U.S troops and military aid. In 1964, Lyndon Johnson ordered the U.S to begin bombing North Vietnam, sparking a war that was heavily protested in America. The U.S realized that it could not win the war and withdrew from Vietnam in 1973.

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in December 1823. The doctrine asserted U.S. ascendancy in the Western Hemisphere.

In the 1960 presidential race, John F. Kennedy:

Promised to get the country "moving again."

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed in 1846 before the end of the Mexican War, the Wilmot Proviso stipulated that slavery be prohibited in any territory the U.S. gained from Mexico in the upcoming negotiations. With strong support from the North, the proviso passed in the House of Representatives but stalled in the Senate.

True

Rural areas experienced practically no population growth in the 1950s and 1960s.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953). Coordinates soviet involvement in WWII. Oversaw escalations of Cold War.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) his work won him a nobel peace prize

Federal securities act

The May 1933 federal securities act made corporate executives liable for any misrepresentation of securities issued by their companies. It paved the way for future acts to regulate the stock market.

Ross Perot

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

War of 1812

a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France, ended with Treaty of Ghent. Decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans. Nationalism exploded.

Life magazine's ideal woman of the mid-1950s was:

a white suburban housewife

At the 1948 Democratic convention, Minneapolis mayor Hubert Humphrey urged his party to:

adopt a strong civil rights plank

Miranda v. Arizona

U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and against self-incrimination.

Brown decision

U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional. It overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.

While college enrollments soared in the postwar period:

black veterans encountered barriers to entrance

suburbia

dominant social group in American life. Suburban life required cars, highways, and gov. gauarenteed mortgages, and visionary entrepreneurs. 1960 more than 76 mill. • Suburban population 95% white

consumerism

dominant social theme of 1950s; abundance of creature comforts and leisure time; but left many dissatisfied

Civil Rights Act of 1957

established Civil Rights Commission, a new Civil Rights Division in Justice Department. By 1959 still no blacks to the voting rolls.

On the domestic front, President Truman soon made clear his intention to:

expand the New Deal

Senator McCarthy was very effective in:

exploiting public fears

With the end of World War II, women workers were encouraged to:

give up their jobs to returning veterans

"Point Four" program

global economic assistance program; UN, Marshall Plan, NATO, "bold new plan" efforts.

Harry S. Truman

he became the president after FDR died in office in April 1945; he served until 1953. Truman is known for his decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan for his subsequent role in the Cold War conflict, when he proved instrumental in committing the US to action against the threat of Soviet aggression in Europe. At home, Truman attempted to extend the New Deal policies of his predecessor in what he called the Fair Deal.

drive-in culture

highways and expressways to/from work; buses to/from school; shopping centers

All of the following increased through the postwar years EXCEPT:

family savings

The youthful rebels known as the Beats:

favored road trips, Buddhism, and jazz

When Castro came to power, the Eisenhower administration was most alienated by:

fears that Cuba would become Communist

Hungarian Revolt (1956)

fighting broke out in Budapest after a moderate communist was head of gov. • Soviets withdrew forces, but Nagy's announcement 3 days later, that Hungary would withdraw from Warsaw Pact brought soviet troops back into capital. • Kruschev refused to allow break with USSR or abandon mutual defense obligations. • Installed a more compliant leader, Janos Kadar, and executed Nagy.

Marshall Plan and foreign aid prog.

financed heavy export trade

organized religion

flourished in 1950s, rise in church attendance in new communities

home

focus for activities and aspirations

U. S. S. Maddox (1964)

had been attacked by North Vietnamese vessels on August 2nd and 4th in the gulf of Tonkin. • Destroyers, had been monitoring SV attacks against 2 NV islands- attacks planned by American Advisors

In retrospect, the cold war was probably:

inevitable

In the 1948 campaign, the Dixiecrats did all of the following EXCEPT:

influence Truman to slow down on civil rights

James Fennimore Cooper

influential American writer in the early nineteenth century. His novels, the Pioneers, The last of the Mohicans and others, employed distinctly American themes.

hot line

installed telephone between Washington and Moscow to provide instant contact between the heads of government

strong civil rights plank

issue in 1948 Democratic platform led to walkout of southern delegations and separate Dixiecrats

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

To Eisenhower and Dulles, one big advantage of emphasizing nuclear weapons as part of a deterrence strategy would be that:

it would save money

Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to:

launch a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin

pupil placement laws

laws enabled local officials to assign individual students to schools on basis of scholastic aptitude

Black Codes

laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers

Benjamin Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946)

manual on infant and childcare. Helped revolutionize child-rearing methods for the post-war generation. Mothers relied on this advice and appreciated his friendly, reassuring tone. Above all, parents should have confidence in their abilities and trust their instincts. • Trust yourself, you know more than you think you do.

"revisionist" view of the Cold War

opposite; Truman and American economic imperialists were the culprits, Truman sought to create American Spheres of influence around the world, this provocative policy formed tensions between the countries.

Right-to-work laws

orbidding union shops

After the war, Americans were most eager to:

purchase

college enrollment in the 1960's

quadrupled between 1945-1970. Universities became gigantic institutions; multiversities grew more bureaucratic and hierarchical.

U. N. Security Council and Korea

quickly censured the North Korean "breach of peace". Soviet delegate with veto power was boycotting the council, On June 27, the council called on UN members to furnish assistance to Republic of Korea to restore international peace and security in the area.

One major reason that World War II inspired postwar changes in race relations was the:

racist nature of the enemies of the United States

Assemblies of God

radical forms of fundamentalism spread

highway trust fund

raised by taxes on fuel, tires, and new cars and trucks

GI bill of rights

readjustment act, $13 billion on military veterans for education, vocational training, medical treatment, unemployment insurance, and loans for building houses and businesses.

Unrestricted Submarine warfare

referred to the German U boat policy in which submarines attack any ship military, merchant, or civilian without a warning. After a period during which Germany practiced limited submarine warfare was promised by the Sussex pledge, the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 pushed the US even closer to war.

In the Brown decision, the Supreme Court:

struck down "separate but equal" in public education

Roe v. Wade (1973)

struck down state laws forbidding abortions during the first 3 months of pregnancy.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

student demonstrators led sit-ins and succeeded in desegregating public facilities

Elvis was especially controversial because of his:

suggestive gyrations on stage

Elvis was especially controversial because of his: A) rude manner toward adults B) identity as an atheist C) suggestive gyrations on stage

suggestive gyrations on stage

The Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb in 1949 inspired Truman to:

order the development of a hydrogen bomb

Black panthers

organized in 1966 in Oakland, California, the |Black Panthers stressed a program of black pride, economic self sufficiency, and armed resistance to white oppression.

Personal liberty laws

pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial.

When the Israelis, British, and French opposed Egypt in the Suez War, the Eisenhower administration:

supported Arab nationalism

In relation to society's prevailing values in the 1950s, most teens tended to be:

supportive

All of the following were established by the National Security Act of 1947 EXCEPT:

the Department of Homeland Security

One sign of the times came in 1954 when Congress added the words "under God" to:

the Pledge of Allegiance

In the aftermath of the Brown decision, all of the following defended segregation EXCEPT:

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The Eisenhower administration was deeply embarrassed when:

the Soviets shot down an American spy plane

Senator Joseph McCarthy's power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in:

the U.S. Army

When North Korean Communists invaded South Korea:

the United Nations authorized military intervention against the aggressors

Toward the end of the Eisenhower presidency, the country could celebrate:

the addition as states of Alaska and Hawaii

National Origins Act

the epitome of anti immigrant sentiments in the 1920's, the National Origins Acts restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the US of that national origin in 1890. This law severely restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely.

Vietnamization

the equipping and training of the SV to assume the burden of ground combat in place of Americans

Confederate States of America

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Third World

underdeveloped countries, unaligned with US or Soviets. Condemned USSR, US, Europe.

Cold war

wartime between US and Soviet Union. Differences over basic issues like human rights, individual liberties, economic freedom, and religious beliefs.

Freedom ride

was a 1961 program led by the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, in which black and white members of the two organizations rode through the South on public buses to protest segregation in interstate transportation.

Lusitania

was a British vessel sunk by a German U boat in May 1915, killing more than 120 American citizens. this event prompted Woodrow Wilson to plant for a military buildup and encouraged American alliance with Britain and France in opposition to Germany.

The phenomenon of "white flight" in the 1950s:

was a major cause of the growth of the suburbs

Popular Front

was a political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Prominent American intellectuals and writers, including Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos, joined the group.

Tripartite Pact

Singed in September 1940, the Tripartite Pact allied Germany, Italy and Japan all of which were engaged in aggressive expansion. These nations comprise the Axis powers.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh was an English explorer who established England's first American colony in 1585. This settlement was off the coast of North Carolina, on Roanoke Island.

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were Sioux chiefs who resisted and killed Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and his troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.

All of the following were established by the National Security Act of 1947 except:

The Department of Homeland Security.

Era of Good Feelings

The Era of Good Feelings describes the period between the end of the War of 1812 and the rise of Andrew Jackson in 1828, during which the United States was governed under a one-party system that promoted nationalism and cooperation. The era centers on the period of James Monroe's presidency, as Monroe strove to aviod political conflict and strengthen American naitonalism and pride.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

The FDIC was created as a part of the first New Deal to increase faith in the banking system by insuring individual deposits with federal funds.

False

The Fair Deal was President Truman's name for his approach to foreign policy in the early days of the cold war.

The Beats

desire for pure freedom, to liberate self-expression, surmount organizational constraints, and discard tradition convention. Controversial group; angry young men, rebelled against the regimented horrors of war and the mundane horrors of middle class life. • Grew out of bohemian underground in NY Greenwich Village. • Spontaneous way of life and quest for visionary sensibility. • More interested in transforming themselves than in reforming the world; personal rather than social solutions to their anxieties. (not beat, but beaten) • Mad to live, mad to talk, and mad to be saved. • Drugs, alcohol, sex, jazz and street life of urban ghettos, Buddhism, restless, vagabond spirit travelled cross country.

David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd (1950)

detected a fundamental shift in American personality • "Inner-directed" type- possess a deeply internalized set of basic values implanted by strong willed parents or elders, built in stabilizer that keeps them on course, assured, self-reliant. Prevailed through 19th century. INTROVERT • "Other-directed" type- displaced inner type in mid-20th century; win friends, influence people, more concerned with being well liked than with being independent, always smiling, glad-handing, and trying to please the boss in the work place. EXTROVERT

Dawes Plan

devised by banker Charles G. Dawes in 1924, scaled back US demands for debt payments and reparations from the WW 1 and established a cycle of US loans to Germany. These loans provided Germany with funds for its payment to the Allies, thus funding Allies debt payments to the US.

Montgomery showed African Americans and the civil rights movement the power of:

nonviolent protest

Security Council of the United Nations

permanent session and had "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security". 11 members (15 after 1965) • 5 permanent members; US, Soviet Union, Britain, France, China • Has a veto on any question of substance.

In The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith pointed out the:

persistence of poverty

nihilistic philosophy

pessimistic belief

Rothko

pioneered color field painting: style in which enormous areas of color lack distinct structure to create mood

Reginald Rose, Rod Serling, Paddy Chayefsky

playwrights wrote notable dramas for TV

Norman Vincent Peale

popular religious writer; positive gospel

postwar boom -> effects

positive: Sunbelt benefited from growth of aircraft and electronics industries, GNP grew to $440 billion, workers labored less than 40hrs/wk, highest standard of living; negative: older manufac. regions sufferred, steal industry fell behind, agric. prices remained low, unemployment

Big stick:

"Big stick: diplomacy refers to the foreign relations policies of Theodore Roosevelt, who summed up his aggressive stance toward international affairs with the phrase "speak softly and carry a big stick."

Bleeding Kansas

"Bleeding Kansas" was the popular name for the Kansas territory during 1856, when violence broke out between representatives of the free-state government in Topeka and the fraudulently elected proslavery government in Lecompton. Bleeding Kansas represented a major setback for the doctrine of popular sovereignty, as the doctrine failed to provide a clear resolution to the question of slavery's expansion in Kansas.

Deep Throat

"Deep Throat" was the name used to mask the identity of an informant who helped Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein as they delved into the Watergate scandal. Deep Throat's true identity remains a mystry to this day.

In The Crack in the Picture Window, John Keats described suburban life as:

"Homogenous, postwar Hell."

Manifest Destiny

"Manifest Destiny" referes to the belief of many Americans in the mid-nineteenth century that it was the nation's destiny and duty to expand and conquer the West in the name of God, nature, civilization, and progress. Journalist John L. O'Sullivan first coined the phrase "manifest destiny" in 1845, as he wrote of "our manifest detiny to overspread the continent alloted by Providence for the free develpoment of our yearly multiplying millions."

Minutemen

"Minutemen" was the nickname given to local militiamen who fought against the British during the revolutionary war. They were called minutemen because of their supposed ability to be ready for battle at a minute's notice.

Newsweek magazine discouraged women from even attending college when it claimed that

"books and babies don't mix."

creeping socialism

"conservative when it comes to money, liberal to human beings" • Slash both New Deal programs and national defense spending. • Warned repeatedly against the dangers of huge bureaucracies and perennial budget deficits. • Abolished Reconstruction Finance Corporation, ended wage and price controls, and reduced farm-price subsidies. o Eisenhower knew he could not abolish SS or labor laws, somewhat expanded new deal

In The Crack in the Picture Window, John Keats described suburban life as:

"homogeneous, postwar Hell"

In The Crack in the Picture Window, John Keats described suburban life as:

"homogeneous, postwar Hell"

massive retaliation

"more bang for the buck" • Budgetary considerations for any military plans, in fear of building superior war power the country would go bankrupt. • 1953- began planning a new military posture. Nuclear weapons could be used in limited war situations; savings in the Defense budget would place more reliance on deterrent power rather than local defensive.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

"time for change" , commander of NATO, VP Nixon, world military hero who had been in the public for a decade. • Led Allied crusade against Hitler, now opened a domestic crusade to clean up "the mess in Washington" • Promised and early and honorable peace in Korea. • Man of the people, his win was a turning point for Republicans in the south

college

# of young people receiving college education increased

Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program) of 1948

$13 billion into Europe; offered aid to all countries in Europe, including soviet union, policy against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Drew nations of Western Europe closer together, but left postwar Germany unsettled.

Houses in Levittown in the mid-1950s all sold for just under:

$8,000

Whitewater

(1) scandal that allegedly involved Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas in the 1980s, when he invested in land in __, AR; he was accused of using his govt connections to get a loan for the land (which he ultimately earned no money on); (2) an investigation continued through most of his presidency, and after 1995 hearings Clinton was not indicted, though some of his associates were charged and convicted of fraud

Lochner v. New York

(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract.

anne hutchinson

..., Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

john winthrop

..., As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

fidel castro

..., Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

citizen genet

..., Edmond Charles Genêt. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall Genêt after Genêt began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed Genêt U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest Genêt.

operation overload

..., Eisenhower planned to strike at Normandy, they set up a dummy army to fake out Hitler, it looked like it would attack French Seaport of Calais. The invasion of Normandy was the largest land and sea attack in history. It started on June 6, 1944. It was known as D-Day: British, American, French, Canadian troops fought their way onto 60 mile beach. Germans sheltered behind 3 feet thick concrete walls. The Allies took heavy casualties.

puerto rico

..., Everyone there has U.S. citizenship but isn't part of America. They are self-governed and not allowed to vote but the U.S. protects them. From the U.S. being involved with them they gained education, police force, and infrastructure through the Military

truman doctrine

..., First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

industrial workers of the world

..., Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

know nothing party

..., Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

emergency committee for unemployment

..., Hoover's committee (estab'd Oct. 1930) to lower the unemployment rate with support from voluntary agencies; it lacked the resources to make dramatic progress

gospel of success

..., Ideology that attempted to justify the enormous and growing gap between rich and poor in the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution. Supported by writers like Horatio Alger

allies

..., In World War I, Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain; in World War Ii, the alliance of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and other nations

deists

..., Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws.

scopes monkey trial

..., It was an American legal case that tested the Butler Act. the law forbade the teaching of any aspect fo the theory of evolution. The Butler Act made the teaching of evolution unlawful especially in TN. John Scopes was persecuted for teaching evolution and he was found guilty.

russo-japanese war

..., Japan had attacked the Russian Pacific fleet over Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Mancharia after the Boxer Rebellion (1904-1905) War fought mainly in Korea. Japan victorious, the U.S. mediated the end of the war. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation.

moon landing

..., July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong and Colonel Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. Went in Apollo 11. and used a landing module called the Eagle.

selective service act

..., Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

zimmerman telegram

..., March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

hartford convention

..., Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

new jersey plan

..., New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress

smoot-hawley tariff

..., One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.

national defense act

..., Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

william penn

..., Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

new deal

..., President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

underwood tariff

..., Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

francisco franco

..., Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)

september 11, 2011

..., Terrorist attack ., World Trade Center crashed in NYC, nearly killed 3000 people. The terrorist were determined to be from Al Qaeda

social darwinism

..., The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

sixteenth amendment

..., The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

bill of rights

..., The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

henry kissinger

..., The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

articles of confederation

..., This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

credit mobilier scandal

..., This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

rosa parks

..., United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

buffalo bill cody

..., William H. ___ was most famous for his Wild West Shows that romanticized the invasion of Indian lands and the movement of white Americans to the western frontier; earlier he was a scout in the military who was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his role in fighting the Cheyenne.

equal rights amendment

..., a constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

electoral college

..., a group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress

j.p. morgan

..., a highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

united nations

..., an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security. Originally 51 countries, now 189

elastic clause

..., clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I

silent majority

..., label nixon gave to middle-class americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s

j. robert oppenheimer

..., lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

cash and carry

..., policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

eisenhower doctrine

..., policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country

dwight d. eisenhower

..., president 1953-61; lessen Cold War tensions; ended Korean War; coordinated Operation Overlord before becoming president. Commander of the allied expeditionary force in WWII

the feminine mystique

..., written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

postwar boom -> factors`

1) consumer society, buyers 2) Cold War, govt spending

munn v. illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Smith Act

1949, eleven top leaders of the Communist part in US were convicted under act, which outlawed any conspiracy to advocate the overthrow of the gov. Supreme court upheld the law of "clear and present danger" which overrode right to free speech.

three fronts of Nixon's new Vietnam policy

1. US negotiators in Paris demanded the withdrawal of Communist forces from SV and the preservation of the US backed regime of Pres. Thieu. 2. Tried to quell unrest stemming from the war. Defuse the anti-war movement by reducing the number of US troops in Vietnam, justifying the reduction as the natural result of "Vietnamization", established a draft lottery system. 1973 did away with draft altogether by creating an all volunteer military. 3. Expanded air war over Vietnam to persuade the enemy to come to terms. Heavy bombing of NV called "madman theory" hoped to make the NV leaders believe he "might do anything to stop the war". March 1969, US began a 14 month long bombing campaign aimed at Communist forces in Cambodia. Congress did not learn of bombings until 1970. April 30, 1970, announced "incursion" into "neutral" Cambodia by US troops to "clean out" NV military staging areas.

Southern Manifesto

101 representatives and senators signed in 1956 denouncing the Brown decision; founded ways to evade Court's ruling

Jackson State University (1970)

11 days after Ken State, May 15, Mississippi highway patrolmen riddled a dorm with bullets, killing 2 students.

baby boom

12 million veterans returned to private life generated postwar baby boom, peaked in 1957. Young married couples delayed having children during the depression or war and were intent on making up for lost time. 1946- 1964, 76 million Americans were born. • Massive demand for diapers, baby food, toys, medicine, schools, books, teachers, furniture, and housing. • Raised during 50's and 60's, prosperity, child-obsessed culture, "overvalued child"

Franklin Pierce

14th President of the United States (1853-1857). Perfunctory performance in office.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision upheld "separate but equal"; shaped Jim Crow laws

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Chinese "volunteers"

260,000 counterattacked, massive "human wave" attacks, with tanks, and planes, turned tables on UN troops, sending them into desperate retreat. soldiers who pushed back the American advance

"ideal" middle-class woman

32 year old white, pretty and popular, suburban housewife, mother of 4, married at age 16. Made her own clothes, hosted dinner parties, sang in church choir, parent/teacher association, campfire girls, devoted to husband, attends meetings, drives kids to school, grocery shopping, and learn a new language. STEPRFORD WIVES. Most importantly having children.

Greensboro, North Carolina

4 African American students held a "sit-in" at diner and refused to move from counter

Ronald Reagan

40th President of the United States (1981-1989) Looked economic prosperity and victory in the Cold War. He initiated major tax cuts and a massive military buildup.

Lyndon B. Johnson

55, took oath of pres after Kennedy assassinated, served a decade as Democratic Leader in the Senate, marked change of style from Kennedy. • Self-made, self-centered who worked his way up from rural Texas to Washington. • Earthy, idealistic, domineering, insecure, gregarious, suspicious, affectionate, manipulative, ruthless, and compassionate. EGO was huge. • Wanted to be the greatest American president, who did the most for the most people.

Little Rock Nine

9 African American students escorted by armed guard in integrated high school

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

: expounded in Roosevelt's State of the Union address in 1904, the Roosevelt Corollary declared that the US, not Europe, should dominate the affairs of Latin America and that although the US had no expansionist intentions, any brutal wrongdoing by a Latin American nation would justify US intervention as a global police power.

Mao Zedong

A Chinese political leader, Mao Zedong(1893-1976) founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. In 1949, Mao's communist forces defeated Chinese nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-shek and established the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Alan Freed

A Cleveland DJ, who coined the term rock and roll in 1951. His popular radio program helped bridge the gap between "white" and "black" music.

Farmer's Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Jacques Cartier

A French sailor who explored the St. Lawrence River region between 1534 and 1542, Cartier searched for a Northwest Passage, a waterway thorugh which ships could cross the Americas to Asia. He found no sch passage, but no opened the region up to future exploration and colonization by the French.

The Cuban missile crisis led to all of the following except: .

A US-Soviet agreement to scrap nuclear weapons

Flapper

A central stereotype of the jazz age, the flapper was a flamboyant, liberated, pleasure-seeking young woman seen more in media portrayals than in reality. The archetypal flapper look was tomboyish and fashionable: short bobbed hair; knee-length, fringed skirts; long, draping necklaces; and rolled stockings

Beats

A group of writers, artists, and musicians whose central concern was the discarding of organizational constraints and traditional conventions in favor of liberated forms of self expression. They came of the bohemian underground in New York's Greenwich Village in the 1950s and included the writers Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William Burroughs. Their attitudes and lifestyles had a major influence on the youth of the 1960s.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners and supported them during Reconstruction

Roger Williams

A dissenter, roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Jefferson Davis

A former secretary of war, Davis was elected president of the confederacy shortly after its formation. Davis was never able to garner adequate public support and faced great difficulties in uniting the confederate states under one central authority.

Union

A general term for the combined states of the United State during the Civil War, "Union" referred to the government and troops of the North.

Federal home loan bank act

A late effort by hoover to address the problems of the destitute, the 1932 federal home loan bank act established a series of banks to make loans to other banks, building and loan associations, and insurance agencies in an attempt to prevent foreclosures on private homes.

Camp David Accords

A major accomplishment of the Carter presidency, the Camp David Accords were signed by Israel's leader, Menachem Begin, and Egypt's leader, Anwar el-Sadat, on September 17,1978. The treaty, however, fell apart when Sadat was assassinated by Islamic fundamentalists in 1981.

Malcolm X

A major advocate of Black Power, Malcolm X helped lead the Nation of Islam to national prominence. In 1965, he was assassinated after a well-publicized break with the Nation of Islam over his newfound dedication to crossclutural unity.

John Updike

A novelist in the 1950s. He wrote 'Rabbit, Run' (1961).

Free soil party

A political party supporting abolition, the free soil party formed in 1848 from the merger of a northern faction of the Democratic Party, the abolitionist liberal party, and antislavery Whigs. The free soilers nominated martin van buren as their candidates for president. The relative success of the free soil party demonstrated that slavery had become a central issue in national politics

The Other America

A powerful expose written by Michael Harrington in 1962. It argued that more than 40 million people were mired in an invisible "culture of poverty" with a standard of living and a way of life quite different from the American Dream.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls convention with Lucretia Mott.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A prominent author during the Roaring Twenties, F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote stories and novels that both glorified and criticized the wild lives of the carefree and prosperous. His most famous works include This Slide of paradise (1920) and The Great Gatsby (1925)

Thomas Jefferson

A prominent statesman, Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of the strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president fro 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Shoot on sight order

A response to German submarine attacks on American ships in the Atlantic, the 1941 shoot on sight order authorized naval patrols to fire on any Axis ships found between the US and Iceland.

The Federalist Papers

A series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, the Federalist Papers enumerated the arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the Anti-Federalists.

Stokely Carmichael

A twenty-five-year-old graduate of Howard University, became head of the SNCC in 1966, he made the separatist philosophy of black power the official objective of the organization and ousted whites from the organization.

Francis Gary Powers

A veteran American pilot who flew a U.S. spy plane that was downed in Soviet territory, was captured by the Soviets, and held prisoner. Khrushchev then disclosed that the Soviets had the veteran American pilot "alive and kicking" and also had the photographs he had taken of Soviet military installations. Later in 1962, he was exchanged for a captured Soviet spy.

The Reverend Norman Vincent Peale emphasized: A) a cheerful approach to life and religion B) man's sinful nature C) the need to give lots of money to churches

A) a cheerful approach to life and religion

Life magazine's ideal woman of the mid-1950s was: A) a white suburban housewife B) career oriented C) able to juggle home and career

A) a white suburban housewife

In the postwar era, the trend in the corporate sector was toward: A) bigness and concentration B) partnerships with government C) risk taking and speculation

A) bigness and concentration

Elvis Presley's recordings: A) blended a variety of musical styles B) are best remembered for his guitar and piano playing C) appealed equally to all ages and generations

A) blended a variety of musical styles

With the end of World War II, women workers were encouraged to: A) give up their jobs to returning veterans B) limit family sizes C) stay single

A) give up their jobs to returning veterans

A very important reason for passage of the GI Bill was to: A) prevent the return of the Depression B) help Roosevelt get reelected C) keep men in the military beyond their term of enlistment

A) prevent the return of the Depression

C. Wright Mills argued in White Collar Society that too many white-collar workers: A) sell themselves out B) become alcoholics C) get laid off

A) sell themselves out

Most blacks who moved to Chicago were fleeing terrible poverty in: A) the rural South B) other northern cities C) New England

A) the rural South

Willy Loman was: A) the tragic lead character in Death of a Salesman B) one of the most successful suburban developers C) a leading painter

A) the tragic lead character in Death of a Salesman

Berlin Wall

After meeting, Kennedy call army reserve and National Guard units. In response, Soviets erected the Berlin Wall, Isolating West Berlin and preventing all movement between the two part so fthe city. • The Berlin wall plugged the most accessible escape for East Germans, showed their willingness to challenge America resolve in Eu., and became another intractable barrier to improved relations between East and West.

Wounded Knee (1973)

AIM led 200 Sioux to occupy the tiny village in South Dakota. • Instigating a standoff with the FBI, in an effort to focus attention on poverty and rampant alcoholism among Indians on reservations. • Government compromise to reexamine Indian treaty rights • Went into federal courts and presents old treaties and demanded that the documents be recognized.

medicare

AMA joined republicans in support for a bill serving those over 65 years. Not just for aged, but federal grants to states to help cover medical payments for the indigent.

Jackson Pollock pioneered the style of painting known as:

Abstract Expressionism.

Pure Food and Drug Act

After muckrakers exposed the questionable packaging and labeling practices of food and drug industries, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which prohibited the sale of adulterated or inaccurately labeled foods and medicines.

LA, Cleveland, Chicago

African American vote in these key cities ensured Democratic victory in their respective states

Sharecropping System

After the Civil War, sharecropping replaced the plantation system as the primary method of agricultural production in the South. The system consisted of plantations subdivided into small farms that were rented to freedmen for leases paid in the form of a share (usually half) of the crop produced. The system ostensibly gave freedmen a measure of independence, but often under terms that ensured that whites retained control of land and labor.

Pontiac's Rebellion

After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac's Rebellion led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

mutual defense treaties

All agree to help each other if one is attacked

Berlin Airlift

Allied air forces brought in planes from all over the world, flying in 13,000 tons of food, medicine, coal, and equipment a day. Went on for months, May 12 1949 lifted blockade.

Transcontinental treaty

Also known as the Adams-Onis treaty, the transcontinental treaty was signed in 1819 between the U.S and Spain. By the terms of the treaty, Spain ceded eastern Florida to the U.S, renounced all claims to western Florida, and agreed to a southern border of the U.S west of the Mississippi extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

Enlightenment:

Also known as the age of reason, the enlightenment was an intellectual movement that spread through Europe and America in the eighteenth century. Followers championed the principles of rationalism and logic in all areas of thought-religious, political, social, and economic. Their skepticism toward belief that could not be proved by science or clear logic naturally led to deism.

Corrupt Bargain

Although Andrew Jackson won the most popular electoral votes in the 1824 election, he failed to win the requisite majority and the election was thrown to the House of Representatives. Speaker of the House Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams for president, ensuring Adams's victory. Adams then rewarded Clay by making him secretary of state. Jackson and his supporters denounced Adams's and Clay's deal as a "corrupt bargain."

Potsdam Conference

Although relations between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin grew increasingly strained as WW 2 wound to its close, during the Potsdam Conference they coordinated the division of Germany into occupation zones and planned for the Nuremberg Trials. Potsdam was the final meeting between the Big Three powers under the pretense of a wartime alliance.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued case of Brown v. Board of Education.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer sponsored by the Dutch East India Company, Hudson sailed up the river than now bears his name in 1609, nearly reaching present-day Albany. His explorations gave the Dutch territorial claims to the Hudson Bay region.

Jackson Pollock

An abstract painter in the 1940s and 1950s that dominated the international art scene. He established the art of abstract expressionism. Aka: "Jack the Dripper"

George Wallace

An outspoken defender of segregation. As the governor of Alabama, he once attempted to block African American students from enrolling at the University of Alabama. He ran as the presidential candidate for the American Independent party in 1968. he appealed to voters who were concerned about rioting anti-war protestors, the welfare system, and the growth of the federal government.

Jacksonian Democracy

Andrew Jackson was a common man who rose to power because of looser voting requirements - more common men could vote. Jackson's ascendancy to the presidency symbolized the egalitarian political conditions in the U.S. as compared to other nations. His actual political practices, like the kitchen cabinet, were not as democratic. While all white males could vote, black and women were still not allowed to vote.

Bank Veto

Andrew Jackson's 1832 action in response to the proposed charter renewal of the Second BUS. This was the beginning of Jackson's five-year battle against national bank.

Stamp Act Congress

Angered over the Stamp Act, representatives of nine colonial assemblies met in New York City at the Stamp Act Congress in October 1765. The colonies agreed widely on the principles that Parliament could not tax anyone outside of Great Britain and could not deny anyone a fair trial, both of which had been dictates of the Stamp Act. The meeting marked a new level of colonial political organization.

Anti-federalists

Anti-federalists rose up as the opponents of the constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the constitution gave the federal government too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states.

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor called national guard to prevent integration of Little Rock Central High

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under a federal court order.

Robert F. Kennedy

As Attorney General, he dispatched federal marshals to enforce the law in Mississippi. James Meredith was an African American student whose grandfather had been a slave, tried to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi in Oxford. Ross Barnett, the governor of Mississippi, ignored the court order by refusing to allow Meredith to register for classes.

John Quincy Adams

As James Monroe's secretary of state, John Quincy Adams devised the Monroe doctrine and worked to clarify the nation's borders. As president from 1825 to 1829, Adams proved a less adroit politician. Facing opposition from congress and refusing to engage in political maneuvering to win support, Adams served a rather unproductive term as president. He failed to push any of his proposals through congress.

John Foster Dulles

As President Eisenhower's secretary of state, he institutionalized the policy of containment and introduced the strategy of deterrence. He believed in using brinkmanship to halt the spread of communism. He attempted to employ it in Indochina, which led to the United States' involvement in Vietnam.

McKinley Tarrif

As a congressman, William McKinley wrote and engineered passage of this tariff that bears his name in 1890. the act raised protective tariffs by nearly 50 percent. these tariffs are the highest the US has ever placed on imports.

Voting Rights Act 1965

As a result of the civil rights movement, it ensured that all citizens had the right to vote and it authorized the attorney general to dispatch federal examiners to register voters.

The United States experienced a shock in 1949 when Communists took over:

China

True

At the end of World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel.

Dulles's policy of "brinkmanship" involved:

Averting war through the threat of nuclear force.

One of Johnson's major goals in Vietnam was to:

Avoid losing it to communism.

The United States experienced a shock in 1949 when Communists took over:

China.

The location of William Levitt's first suburban development was: A) Los Angeles B) Long Island C) Baltimore

B) Long Island

The Beats included all of the following EXCEPT: A) Gregory Corso B) Robert Frost C) Allen Ginsberg

B) Robert Frost

After the war, Americans were most eager to: A) travel B) purchase C) work overtime

B) purchase

The music Alan Freed labeled rock and roll was actually: A) jazz B) rhythm and blues C) pop

B) rhythm and blues

In relation to society's prevailing values in the 1950s, most teens tended to be: A) critical B) supportive C) uncaring

B) supportive

In The Lonely Crowd, David Riesman described the dominant corporate personality as one who: A) took risks to advance the company B) tried to please people and gain the boss's favor C) questioned authority figures if they were in error

B) tried to please people and gain the boss's favor

By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing: A) intellectual excitement B) uniformity C) economic stagnation

B) uniformity

other civil rights figures

Bayard Rustin, Ella Baker

Grandfather Clause

Beginning in 1895, many Southern states established the Grandfather Clause, exempting anyone who was able to vote before 1867, or their descendants, from having to meet strict literacy or property requirements for voting. Blacks did not have the right to vote until 1870, and so were subject to the strict voting requirements. As a result, the Grandfather Clause was symbolic of inequalities between blacks and whites.

Erie Canal

Begun in 1817 and finished in 1825, the Erie Canal was America's first major canal project. The canal stretched from Albany to Buffalo, New York, measuring a total of 363 miles.

loose constructions

Beliefs that are unstable, weak, and poorly defined and that lead to erratic and often invalid predictions about how the world operates.

By 1960, about 65 percent of Americans:

Belonged to a church.

Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan at the 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native Americans threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan, either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.

Bootleggers

Bootleggers illegally manufacture alcohol or smuggled it, often from Canada or the West Indies into the US during the Prohibition Era.

Boris Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin was president of the Russian republic in 1991, when hard-liner communists attempted to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev. After helping to repel these hard-liners, Yeltsin and the leaders of the other soviet republics declared an end to the USSR, forcing Gorbachev to resign. Yeltsin played an increasingly important role in global politics from that time onward.

Boston Tea Party

Boston patriots organized the Boston Tea Party to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Following the meeting, approximately 50 young men dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded British ships and dumped the cargo into Boston harbor.

The Korean War did all of the following except:

Bring about major changed in boundaries.

Impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. Helped spark War of 1812.

Baseball was integrated in 1947 when Jackie Robinson played for the:

Brooklyn Dodgers

Panama Canal

Built by the US between 1904 and 1914, the panama canal is an artificial waterway stretchinga cross the isthmus of Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.By a treaty signed in 1977, Panama gained full control of the canal in 1999.

False

By 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. had become a leading spokesman for "black power".

Joint stock companies:

By the 1600, the English crown and parliament were hesitant to spend money on colonization, having exhausted much time and money in the battle against the Spanish for position in north America. In the absence of government funding, joint-stock companies formed to accrue funding for colonization through the sale of public stock. These companies dominated English colonization throughout the seventeenth century.

Laissez-faire:

By the doctrine of laissez-faire (which literally means in French, "let do"), the government took a "hands-off" approach to the economy and let the market regulate itself.

Howl was: A) a novel about a coast-to-coast road trip B) universally well received by reviewers and critics C) an explicit prose poem by Allen Ginsberg

C) an explicit prose poem by Allen Ginsberg

FBI director J. Edgar Hoover blamed rising rates of juvenile delinquency on: A) drug dealers B) racism C) lack of religious values

C) lack of religious values

One major reason for religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was: A) tax breaks for people who joined churches B) widespread guilt over the country's material abundance C) the desire to combat godless communism

C) the desire to combat godless communism

Central Intelligence Agency

CIA: An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

freedom riders

CORE (congress of racial equality) sent a group of black and white people on busses to test a federal court ruling that had banned segregation on buses and trains. Mobs attacked the travelers in Alabama with fists, pipes, and fire, yet still the demonstrators persisted and drew national respect and attention and support for the cause.

Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council:

Can veto any major proposal.

Andrew Carnegie

Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant, came to own what 1900 was the world's largest corporation, Carnegie steel. In addition to being an entrepreneur and industrialist, Carnegie was a philanthropist who donated more than $300million to charity during his life time.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Caused when the U.S. discovered Soviet offensive missile sites in Cuba in October 1962; the U.S.--Soviet confrontation was the Cold War's closest brush with nuclear war.

Cesar Chavez:

Cesar Chavez, a migrant farm worker, created the united farm workers organizing committee in 1963 to help exploited Chicano workers. After leading union strikes against California grape growers, he won better pay for the workers.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties.

George Armstrong Custer

Cluster, a civil war hero, was sent to the hills of South Dakota to fight off Native American threats. When gold was discovered in the region, the government ordered Custer's forces to hunt down all Sioux not in reservations after January 31, 1876. At the Battle of Little Bighorn, the Sioux wiped out and overconfident Custer and his men.

The postwar economic boom was fueled mainly by:

Cold war-related military spending.

Charles Van Doren

Columbia Univ professor given answers in advance to Twenty-one; big quiz shows dropped after controversy

Christopher Columbus

Columbus sailed to the New World under the Spanish flag in 1942. Although not the first European to reach the Americas, he is credited with the journey acros the Atlantic that finaly opened the New Wolrd to exploration. In 1493, he established Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola as a base for further exploration.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization neccessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Charles Lindbergh

Completed the world's first non stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Hi plane, called the spirit of St. Louis, went from New York to Paris in 1927. And the trip took a little more than 33 hours.

Battle of Britain

Conducted during the summer and fall of 1940, the battle of Britain was a period of continuous bombing in London by the German air force, in preparation for a German amphibious assault. Hitler hoped the bombing would destroy British industry and morale, but the British successfully staved off the German invasion.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Great general and due to him the confederacy held out as long as it did.

Conquistador

Conquistador is a general term for any one of a group of Spanish explorers in the New World who sought to conquer the native people, establish dominance over their lands, and prosper from their natural resources, including gold. The Conquistadors established a large Hispanic empire stretching from Mexico to Chile and wreaked havoc among native populations.

Second continental congress

Convened in May 1775, the congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach reconciliation, the congress offered peace under the conditions that there be cease-fire in Boston, that the coercive acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

National Conservation Commission

Created in 1909 by Theodore Roosevelt, the national conservation commission aimed to achieve more efficient and responsible management of the nation's resources.

Public Works Administration

Created by the National Industrial Recovery act as part of the New Deal, the PWA spent over $4 million on projects designed to employ the jobless and reinvigorate the economy.

Agricultural adjustment administration

Created in 1933 as part of FDR's new deal, the AAA controlled the production of crops, and thus prices, by offering subsidies to farmers who produced under set quotas. The supreme court declared the AAA unconstitutional in 1936.

MacArthur vs. Truman

Criticized Truman for requiring to conduct a limited war. MacArthur asked for 34 atomic bombs, air raids on China's sancuarty in Manchuria, naval blockade of china, invasion of the Chinese mainland by Taiwan Nationalist.Truman OPPOSED leading US into the "booby trap" • UN forces soon rallied. 900,000 troops secured lines below Seoul. • MacArthur undermined by giving an ultimatum for china to make peace or suffer an attack • Truman decided to let Macarthur go

Fidel Castro

Cuba Communist, January 1, 1959; embraced Sov support and entered a trade agreement to swap Cuban Sugar for Soviet oil and machinery. • Eisenhower ordered strict limits on imports of Cuban sugar. • Any American military involvement would result in Soviet response. • US suspended imports, and embargoed most trade between Cuba and US

Eugene Debs

Debs, a prominent socialist leader and five time presidential candidate, formed the American Railway Union in 1893 and led the Pullman strike in 1894. He helped found the Industrial Workers of the World, or Wobblies, in 1905. In 1918, he was imprisoned for denouncing the government's aggressive tactics under the Espionage Act and Sedition Amendment; he was released in 1921.

The 1946 congressional elections resulted in:

Republican control of Congress

Montgomery bus boycott

December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks, black seamstress who was an officer of NAACP, refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man because she was "tired of giving in". She was arrested and black community leader met in a Baptist church to organize a massive bus boycott. • Achieve remarkable solidarity. • 381 days, blacks used car pools, hitchhiked, or walked. • Boycotters finally won a federal case they had initiated against bus segregation, in 1956 Supreme Court agreed that the separate but equal law was no longer correct statement of law.

"Christmas bombings" (1972)

December 18, Nixon ordered massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong, two largest cities in NV. Stopped on December 29, and talks in Paris soon resumed.

In his Letter from Birmingham City Jail, Martin Luther King:

Declared his willingness to break unjust laws.

Chicago riots in 1968

Democartic Convention in Chacago reached a bizarre climax. Tippes were determined to create anarchy in the streets. • Yippies called for outrageous movements • Mayor Richard J. Daley and army of city police responded by clubbing, gassing, and beating the activists and bystanders. • Lasted 3 days and damaged Humphrey's candidacy. • Angered middle class Americans, creating a backlash at Nixon and the Republicans.

Jimmy Carter

Democrat, served as a president of the US from 1977 to 1981. Carter is best known for his commitment to morality and for advancing the human rights cause. During his term in office faced an oil crisis, a weak economy and severe tension in the Middle East.

One notable aspect of the 1952 election was:

Republican gains in the South

Trail of Tears

Despite the Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia, federal troops forced bands of Cherokee Indians to move west of the Mississippi between 1835 and 1838. Their journey, in which between 2,000 and 4,000 of the 16,000 Cherokee people died, became known as the Trail of Tears.

False

Detroit became known as the capital of black America due to the huge growth of its African American population.

Open Door policy

Developed by secretary of State John Hay, the Open Door policy aimed to combat the European spheres of Influenced that threaten to squeeze American business interest out of Chinese markets. The open Door policy consisted of pressuring European powers to open key ports within their spheres of influence to US businessmen.

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Dorothea Dix:

Dorothea Dix, a Massachusetts schoolteacher, studied the condition of the insane in poorhouses and prisons. Her efforts helped bring about the creation of insane asylums, where the mentally ill could be more humanely treated.

Declaration of Independence

Drafted in 1776 by T. Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence), natural rights to life, liberty and

The Voting Rights Act of 1965:

Dramatically expanded black votes in the South.

WEB Du Bois

Du Bois was the African American leader most opposed to the gradual approach of achieving equal rights presented by Booker T. Washington. Dubois advocated immediate equal treatment ad equal educational opportunities for blacks. He helped initiate the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Gag Rule

During the 1830s, abolitionists sent endless petitions to Congress demanding the outlawing of slavery in Washington, D.C. In 1836, Southeners pushed the gag rule through Congres, which tabled al abolitionist petitions and prevented anti-slavery discussions. It was repealed in 1844, under increased pressure from Northen aboliitoists and from those concerned with the rule's restriction of the right to petition.

Puppet governments

During the cold war, both the U.S. and Soviet Union set up puppet governments in developing countries in order to maintain influence over the nation in question. The superpowers each supported and funded leaders of their choice.

Three-fifths clause

During the framing of the constitution, southern delegates argued that slaves should count toward representative states, while the delegates of northern states argued that to count slaves as members of the population would grant an unfair advantage to the southern states in congress. The result of this debate was the adoption of the three-fifths clause, which allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted as people.

Wounded Knee:

During the late 1800s, a series of battles occurred between Indian and colonists, because the colonists were pushing them off their land. In 1890, a group of Teton Sioux were surrounded by U.S. troops at Wounded Knee (South Dakota). The armed U.S. forces massacred more than 200 unarmed Sioux Indians.

House Un-American Activities Committee

During the period of McCarthyism, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) provided the congressional forum in which many hearings about suspected communists in the government took place.

Détente

Détente refers to a relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and USSR in the 1960s and 1970s. During this period, the two powers signed treaties limiting nuclear arms productions and opened up economic relations. One of the most famous advocates of this policy was president Richard Nixon's secretary of state, Henry Kissinger.

By the spring of 1945, the United States and Britain were becoming deeply concerned over Soviet actions in:

Eastern Europe

Oil Embargo

Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.

Edgar Allen Poe

Edgar Alen Poe was a fictionj writer who gained popularity in the 1840s as a writer of horrific tales. He published many famous stories, including "The Raven" (1884) and "The Cask of Amontillado" (1846).

Department of Health, Education, andWelfare

Eisenhower consolidated administration of welfare programs

Sherman Adams

Eisenhower's chief of staff; handled congressional relations

Adlai E. Stevenson was:

Eisenhower's opponent for president in both 1952 and 1956.

Charles Wilson

Eisenhower's secretary of defense; kept Pentagon budget under control

George Humphrey

Eisenhower's secretary of treasury; policy of fiscal stringency

Modern Republicanism

Eisenhower: liberal towards the people but conservative about spending money; balanced budget without destroying existing social programs

True

Elvis Presley's first national smash his was "Heartbreak Hotel".

Connecticut Compromise

Ending weeks of stalemate, the Connecticut Compromise reconciled the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for determining legislative representation in Congress. The Connecticut Compromise established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representatives.

In 1961, Khrushchev escalated tensions over Berlin by:

Erecting the Berlin Wall.

Freedmen's Bureau

Established in 1865 and staffed by Union army officers, the Freedmen's Bureau worked to protect black rights in the South and to provide employment, medical care, and education to Southern blacks.

Teapot Dome scandal

Exposed after warren G. Harding's death in office in 1923, the Teapot Dome scandal involved Harding's secretary leased government oil reserves to two businessmen in exchange for a $400,000 payment. Teapot Dome came to be used as a prime example of government corruption.

4) In the presidential election of 1948, Republicans saw little hope for victory.

FALSE

By 1966, Martin Luther king Jr. had become a leading spokesman for "black power."

FALSE

By the time of the 1960 presidential race, Kennedy had far more experience in national politics than did Richard Nixon.

FALSE

Congress narrowly defeated President Johnson's request in 1964 for authorization to "take all necessary measures" to prevent further aggression in Vietnam.

FALSE

Due to shrinking military production, a deep recession followed the end of WWII.

FALSE

Due to the overall prosperity of the decade, blacks were able to close the income gap with whites by the end of the 1950s.

FALSE

During the 1950s, the black population of Chicago declined by half as a result of the great migration.

FALSE

From the beginning of his presidency, Kennedy vigorously supported black civil rights.

FALSE

Had Kennedy lived, he would certainly have removed US troops from Vietnam.

FALSE

In the closing days of WWII, Truman threatened to bomb the Soviets if they did not abandon Poland.

FALSE

In the early months of the Korean War, UN forces encountered little resistance until they reached the Chinese border.

FALSE

President Johnson was not as adept at handling Congress as President Kennedy has been.

FALSE

The Beats took their name because of their pervasive sense that society had beaten them, or triumphed over their spirits.

FALSE

The Fair Deal was President Truman's name for his approach to foreign policy in the early days of the cold war.

FALSE

The postwar era witnessed tremendous economic depression and failing social contentment.

FALSE

Truman's firing of MacArthur in 1951 was one of the most popular actions of his presidency.

FALSE

Civil Works Administration

FDR created the CWA to cope with the added economic difficulties brought on by the cold winter months of 1933. The CW spent approximately $1 billion on short term project for the unemployed, but the program was abolished in the spring of that year.

Joint Chiefs of Staff

FDR created the Joint Chiefs of Staff in February 1942 to oversee the rapidly growing military. The joint chiefs included representatives from the army, navy, and air force.

"Good Neighbor" policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

expanding Social Security

Fair Deal's only success

All of the following increased through the postwar years except:

Family savings.

Berlin Airlift

Following World War II in 1948, West Berlin was cut off from supplies because Russia did not allow transportation between the allied-occupied West Germany and West Berlin. The U.S. and Britain sent food, fuel, and other necessities by plane (called the Berlin Airlift) to help the West Berlin allies.

Fireside chats

Fireside chats were FDR's radio broadcasts to the citizens of the US during his presidency. Through these broadcasts he encouraged confidence and national unity and cultivated a feeling of governmental compassion

sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Popular Sovereignty

First espoused by Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass in 1848 and eventually championed by Stephen A. Douglas, popular sovereignty was the principle stating that Congress should not interfere with the issue of slavery's expansion, but rather leave the question up to each territory. Popular sovereignty became the core of the Democratic position on slavery's expansion during the 1850s.

True

For pardoning Nixon, President Ford suffered a huge decline in his popularity.

OPEC

Following increases in oil prices during the 1970s due to increased demand, the world's major oil producers formed a monopoly called the organization of petroleum exporting countries. OPEC included leader Venezuela and a host of other countries from the Middle East, South America, Asia, and Africa. In 1973, OPEC raised the price of oil even further, leading to an energy crisis, and giving oil producers huge profits.

Truman fired MacArthur:

For incompetence.

Liberal Republicans

Formed as a party in 1872, the Liberal Republicans split from the ranks of the Republican Party in opposition to President Ulysses S. Grant. Many Liberals argued that the task of Reconstruction was complete and should be put aside. The defection of the Liberals served a major blow to the Republican Party and shattered what congressional enthusiasm remained for Reconstruction.

North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO)

Formed in 1949 to counter the soviet threat in Eastern Europe, the NATO prepared western European powers and the U.S. to fight as a unified coalition. Throughout the cold war, NATO was the primary western alliance in opposition to communist forces.

Democratic Party

Formed in opposition to the Federalists during the Washington administration, the Democratic Party aimed for minimalist government. The Democrats championed states' rights and fought political domination by the economic elite. They opposed tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, an bigger government. The party was transformed in the 1930s when FDR's New Deal policies won them the support of urban workers, blacks, and women.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Founded in 1874, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU) worked alongside the Anti-Saloon League to push for temperance. Notable women activists included Susan B. Anthony and Frances Elizabeth Willard.

nasa

Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and power with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s. Over the years, NASA has sent experditions to the moon, developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs and sent probes to Mars

national organization for women

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been ruled by:

France

Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia has been ruled by:

France.

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass is perhaps the most famous of all abolitionists. An escaped slave, Douglass worked closely with William Lloyd Garrison to promote abolitionism in the 1830s.

In the Brown decision, the Supreme Court:

Struck down "separate but equal" in public education.

Sir Francis Drake

From 1577 to 1580, Sir Francis drake circumnavigated the globe. Drake was a privateer, or a captain who could loot other ships. He was sent by England's queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships and settlements for gold. Drake helped defend England against the Spanish. As a result, the Spaniards called him El Draque, or "The Dragon."

Fundamentalism

Fundamentalism emerged in the early 1900s as a reaction against the many scientific and social challenges facing conservative American Protestantism. Protestant fundamentalists insisted upon the divine inspiration and truth of every word in the Bible. Fundamentalism peaked in the 1920s with the anti-evolution movement, culminating in the Scopes Monkey Trial. It also had a resurgence in the 1970s and still present today.

Soviet and Communist activities in regard to Turkey and Greece were intended to:

Gain the Soviets access to the Mediterranean.

The Egyptian leader who seized the Suez Canal was:

Gamal Abdel Nasser

In retrospect, Johnson's war on poverty:

Generated middle-class resentment that benefited the Republicans.

George H.W. Bush

George Herbert Walker bush, a republican, served as a president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. His term in office was marked by economic recession and U.S involvement in the gulf war.

The secretary of state who devised the plan of massive economic recovery aid to Europe was:

George Marshall

The secretary of state who devised the plan of massive economic recovery aid to Europe was:

George Marshall.

Samuel Gombers

Gombers was the founding leader of the American Federation of Labor. Under Gompers, the AFL rarely went on strike, but rather took a more pragmatic approach based on negotiating for gradual concessions.

Ulysses S. Grant

Grant was the commanding general of the Union forces in the West for much of the war and of all Union forces during the last year of the war. Grant later became the nation's eighteenth president, serving from 1869 to 1877 and presiding over the decline of Reconstruction. His administration was marred by corruption.

The legislation passed by Congress at Johnson's urging in 1965 included all of the following except:

Government guarantee of full employment.

G I Bill

Government issue; It created a new government agency, the Veterans Administration(VA), and included provisions for unemployment pay for veterans for one year, preference for veterans applying for government jobs, loans for home construction, access to government hospitals, and generous subsidies for postsecondary education.

All of the following are true of Harry Truman except that he:

Had an Ivy League education.

James E. Ray

He assassinated Martin Luther King Jr.

Earl Warren

He led the U.S. Supreme Court in 1953-1969, decided such landmark cases as Brown v. Board of Education (school desegregation), Baker v. Carr (legislative redistricting), and Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona (rights of criminal defendants).

Richard Nixon

He served as VP during the Eisenhower administration. In 1960, he ran as the Republican nominee for president and lost to John Kennedy. In 1968, he ran and won the presidency against Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey. During his campaign, he promised to bring about "peace with honor" in Vietnam. He told southern conservatives that he would slow the federal enforcement of civil rights laws and appoint pro-southern justices to the Supreme Court.

Lyndon Johnson

He was a former member of the United States House of Representatives and the former Majority Leader of the United States Senate. As vice president, he assumed the presidency after President Kennedy's assassination. He was able to push through Congress several pieces of Kennedy's legislation that had been stalled including the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He declared "war on poverty" and promoted his own social program called the Great Society, which sought to end poverty and racial injustice. In 1965, he signed the Immigration and Nationality Service Act, which abolished the discriminatory quotas system that had been the immigration policy since the 1920s. He greatly increased America's role in Vietnam. By 1969, there were 542,000 U.S. troops fighting in Vietnam and a massive anti-war movement had had developed in America. In 1968, Johnson announced that he would not run for re-election.

Barry Goldwater

He was a leader of the Republican right whose book, The Conscience of a Conservative, was highly influential to that segment of the party. He proposed eliminating the income tax Social Security. In 1964, he ran as the Republican presidential candidate and lost to President Johnson. He campaigned against Johnson's war on poverty, the tradition of New Deal, the nuclear test ban and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He advocated the wholesale bombing of North Vietnam.

Elvis Presley

He was the son of a poor Mississippi farm family. He became a rock and roll idol. He changed the way music and dancing would be forever. He made dancing more sensual.

Michael Harrington

He wrote The Other America, arguing that more than 40 million people were mired in an invisible "culture of poverty" with a standard of living and a way of life quite different from the American Dream.

John Kenneth Galbraith

He wrote the book 'The Affluent Society.' In this book, he attacked the prevailing notion that sustained economic growth was solving chronic social problems.

Rationalism

Heavily influence by the Enlightenment, rationalists criticized most traditional religion as irrational and thus unfounded. Proponents of rationalism held that religious beliefs should no simply be accepted but should instead be acquired through investigation and reflection.

The purpose of Kennedy's proposed tax cut was to:

Help the economy by stimulating consumer spending.

American System

Henry Clay's brainchild, the American System proposed a series of measures, including tariffs and federal support for internal improvements, greared toward achieving national economic self-sufficiency. In the late 1820s and 1830s, the National Republican Party wholy baced the American System while the Democrats opposed it.

Hernando Cortes

Hernando Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who went to the West Indies in 1504. In 1519, Cortes established Veracruz, the first Spanish colony in Mexico. By 1521, he had conquered the Aztec Empire using horses, gunpowder, and steel weapons.

March Against Death

High point for the student antiwar movement and a poignant symbol of antiwar sentiment in the US. In November 1969, 300,000 people marched in a long, circling path through DC for 40 hours, holding a candle and the name of a soldier killed or a village destroyed in Vietnam.

A major economic problem President Truman faced immediately after the war was:

High rates of inflation.

Hiroshima

Hiroshima, Japan is the site of the first atomic bomb attack. On august 6, 1945 the US used and atomic bomb to destroy the Japanese city, killing 70000 of its citizens instantaneously and injuring another 70000, many whom later died of radiation positioning.

Adolph HItler

Hitler became Chancellor o Germany in January 1933. He led the nation to economic recovery by mobilizing industry for the purposes of war. His facist Nazi Party undertook measure of mass genocide and, through efforts to gain global hegemony, ushered Europe into World War 2.

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh was the leader of Vietnamese revolutionaries and Communists called the Viet Minh, and later called the Viet Cong. He fought for control of Vietnam against the French and other anti-Communists, leading to the division between South and North Vietnam, and subsequently, to the Vietnam War.

Hoover Ville:

Hoover Ville were communities of destitute Americans living in shanties and makeshift shacks, the homeless constructed hoovervilles around most major U.S. cities in the early 1930s, providing a stark reminder Hoover's failure to alleviate the poverty of the great depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Hoover created the RFC in 1932 to make loans to large economic institutions such as railroads and banks. The RFC loaned more than $2 billion in 1932, but that amount is generally considered to have been too little and too late in hoover's fight against the great depression. The RFC continued operation under FDR.

Horace Mann

Horace Mann was the most prominent proponent of public school reform. Appointed secretary of the Massachusetts board of education in 1837, he reformed the school system by increasing state spending on schools, lengthening the school year, dividing the students into grades, and introducing standardized textbooks, among other changes. Mass set the standard for public school reform throughout the nation.

All of the following are true of the 1968 presidential election except:

Hubert Humphrey lost because he refused to alter Johnson's Vietnam policies.

Huey Long

Huey Long, a Senator from Louisiana, was one of the most vocal critics of the New Deal. His liberal "Share Our Wealth" program proposed a 100 percent tax on all income over $1 million, and large redistribution measures. His passionate orations won him many devoted followers and many bitter enemies. He was assassinated in September of 1935 at the capitol building in Baton Rouge.

In 1956, a Soviet invasion of Hungary was sparked by:

Hungary's attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact

Operation Desert Storm

IN 1991, President George Bush launched Operation Desert Shield to defend Saudi Arabia. After Iraq's Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, Bush was afraid that Iraq would invade Saudi Arabia and take over their oil supply. Operation Desert Storm, a series of air attacks on Iraq, was initiated after Iraq did not retreat. Iraq retaliated with little damage. On April 6,1991, Iraq and the U.S. signed a cease-fire agreement.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1791, Alexander Hamilton pushed a high excise tax on whiskey as part of his Federalist economic policy. In July 1794, violence broke out in western Pennsyvania, the area most hurt by the tax. In a show of nationl strength, George Washington himself led a force of militiamen to crush the rebellion.

Adlai E. Stevenson

Illinois, democratic, endorsed by Truman, hardly known, eloquent with quick wit, but a tad too aloof and a shade too intellectual. Republicans labeled him Egghead

Battle of New Orleans

In 1815, the battle of New Orleans occurred after the treaty of Ghent ended the war of 1812, because Americans were unaware of the treaty. General Andrew Jackson successfully defended New Orleans against thousands of British troops. Although the U.S did not officially win the war, this battle helped the U.S prove it was one of the top world powers.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men burned and looted Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and the wealthy in the Chesapeake region.

Siege of Yorktown

In 1781, French and American forces encircled and trapped British General Cornwalli's army, forcing surender of 8,000 troops.

Specie Circular

In 1836, Jackson issued the Specie Circular, and executive order, in an attempt to stabilize the economy, which had been dramatically expanding since the early 1830s as a result of state banks' excessive lending practices and over speculation. The Specie Circular required that all land payments be made in gold and silver rather than in paper money or credit. The resulting contraction in credit precipitated an economic depression known as the panic of 1837.

Battle of the Alamo

In 1836, Texas fought for its independence from Mexico. Thousands of Mexicans attacked the Alamo, a fortress in San Antonio, Texas, which was defended by less than two hundred Americans. The Mexicans kiled the Americans, including frontiersman Davy Crockett. The cry "Remember the Alamo" inspired the Americans to defeat the Mexicans at San Jacinto.

Harpers Ferry

In 1859, John Brown led twenty-one men in seizing a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in a failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion.

Panic of 1873

In 1873, because of over expansion and over speculation, the largest bank in the nation collapsed, followed by the collapse of many smaller banks, business firms, and even the stock market. The panic of 1873 precipitated a five-year national depression.

Homestead Strike

In 1892, steelworkers near Pittsburgh staged the Homestead strike against the Carnegie Steel Company to protest a pay cut and the 70-hour workweek. Ten workers were killed in a riot that began when 300 "scabs" from New York (Pinkerton detectives) arrived to break the strike. Federal troops were called in to suppress the violence.

NACCP

In 1909, a group of blacks led by W.E.B. Du Bois formed the national association of the advancement of colored people. The NACCP called for an end to racial discrimination, attacked Jim Crow laws, and fought to overturn the 1986 Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Led by middle class blacks, the NAACP continues to advocate integration and equal treatment for American blacks.

Court packing scheme

In 1937, FDR tried to pass a court reform bill that would allow the president to appoint a additional supreme court justice for each current justice over the age of 70, up to a maximum of six appointments. Though he claimed the measure was offered in concern for the workload of older justices, the proposal was an obvious attempt to dilute the power of the older, conservative justices. The senate voted against the proposal later that year.

Office of Censorship

In 1941 FDR established it to examine all letters going overseas and worked with publishers and broadcasters to suppress info that might damage the war effort

Alger Hiss

In 1948, Time editor Whittaker Chambers accused longtime government worker Alger Hiss of spying for the USSR. After a series of highly publicized hearings and trials, Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 and sentenced to five years imprisonment, emboldening conservatives to redouble their efforts to root out subversives within the government.

Hydrogen Bomb

In 1950, the U.S. began the hydrogen bomb program, and two years later, exploded the first hydrogen bomb. The Soviet Union exploded one in 1953; at Bikini Atoll in 1954, the hydrogen bomb yielded greater fallout that expected. These events ignited the U.S. to propose a resolution to use atomic energy only for peaceful means.

Joseph McCarthy

In 1950, this senator became the shrewdest and most ruthless exploiter of America's anxiety of communism. He claimed that the U.S. government was full of Communists and led a witch hunt to find them, but he was never able to uncover a single communist agent.

Dwight Eisenhower

In 1952, he was elected president on his popularity as a war hero and his promise to clean up Washington and find an honorable peace in the Korean War. His administration sought to cut the nation's domestic programs and budget, but he left the basic structure of the New Deal intact. In July of 1953, He announced the end of fighting in Korea. He appointed Earl Warren to the Supreme Court whose influence helped the court become an important force for social and political change. His secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, institutionalized the policies of containment and deterrence. He supported the withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal and established the Eisenhower Doctrine, which promised to aid any nation against aggression by a communist nation. He preferred that state and local institutions to handle civil rights issues, and he refused to force states to comply with the Supreme Court's civil rights decisions. However, he did propose the legislation that became the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

Rosa Parks

In 1955, she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, which a local ordinance required of blacks. She was arrested for disobeying the ordinance. In response, black community leaders organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Interstate Hightway System

In 1956, President Eisenhower passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act creating a national network of interstate highways to serve the needs of commerce and defense, as well as the convenience of citizens. The interstate highway system, funded by gasoline taxes, took twenty-five years to construct and was the largest federal construction project in history. It stretches for 47,000 miles and contains 55,512 bridges and 14,800 interchanges.

Suez Canal

In 1956, the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser tried to nationalize the Suez Canal, which had been owned by British and French interests. In response, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. The U.S., United Nations, and USSR condemned the intervention and pressure the forces to withdraw in November 1956.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

In 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. and other prominent clergymen founded the SCLC to fight against segregation using nonviolent means.

Salem witch trials

In 1962, several girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused their neighbors of witchcraft. More than 100 people were tried as witches, and 19 women and one man were executed. Puritan minister cotton Mather eventually helped stop the trials and executions.

James Meredith

In 1962, the governor of Mississippi defied a Supreme Court ruling and refused to allow him, an African American, to enroll at the University of Mississippi. Federal marshals were sent to enforce the law which led to clashes between a white mob and the marshals. Federal troops intervened and two people were killed and many others were injured. A few days later, he was able to register at the university.

Robert C. Weaver

In 1966, a new Department of Housing and Urban Development appeared, headed by him, the first African American cabinet member.

True

In 1968, students managed to shut down Columbia University.

Neil Armstrong

In 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong because the first person to walk on the moon, along with colonel Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. after landing using the space sip Apollo 11, Armstrong said, "that's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.

New York times co. v. U.S.

In 1971, New York Times co. v. U.S. firmly protected freedom of the press. The justice department tried to block the New York Times from publishing the pentagon papers. The Supreme Court, however, overturned the justice department's order to restrict free press in the interests of national security.

Helsinki Accords

In 1975, Gerald ford and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev, along with the leaders of 31 other states, signed the Helsinki Accords to solidify European boundaries and promise to respect human rights and the freedom to travel.

Iran contra affair

In 1987, investigators exposed evidence that profits from U.S. arms sales to the anti-American government in Iran had been used to illegally finance the Contras in Nicaragua. The Contras were a rebel group fighting against the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, which had communist ties. Colonel Oliver North, a member of the National Security Council, was convicted of the organizing this illegal operation from within the white house.

World trade organization (WTO)

In 1995, President Clinton established the world trade organization (WTO) to facilitate operations and trade between multinational corporations and capital brokers. It was created as a result of the GATT (general agreement on tariffs and trade) negotiations to reduce obstacles to international trade.

Women's Strike for Equality

In August 1970, tens of thousands of women around the country held demonstrations to demand the right to equal employment and legal abortions. This coordinated effort was know as the Women's Strike for Equality

Limited Test-Ban Treaty

In July 1963, JFK and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to the Limited Test-Ban Treaty, which prohibited undersea and atmospheric testing of nuclear weaponry. This agreement was characteristic of a period of lessening tensions between the world's two superpowers, known as detente.

Berlin Blockade

In June 1948, the Soviets attempted to cut off Western access to Berlin by blockading all road and rail routes to the city 90 miles inside East Germany. In response, the U.S. began an airlift of supplies to the city, a campaign known as "Operation Vittles." The blockade lasted until May 1949.

Boston Massacre

In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared, and five colonists were killed.

William Westmoreland

In March 1965, as the new U.S. commander in Vietnam, he greeted the first installment of combat troops. George F. Kennan, the author of the containment doctrine, told Senator Fulbright's committee that the doctrine was appropriate for Europe but not for Southeast Asia. And a respected general testified that his military strategy had no chance of achieving victory. Just as he was assuring Johnson and the public that the war effort in early 1968 was on the verge of gaining the upper hand, the Communists organized widespread assaults that jolted American confidence and resolve.

Strategic arms limitation treaty (SALT)

In May 1972, Nixon signed SALT I, which limited each of the superpowers to 200 antiballistic missiles and set quotas for intercontinental and submarine missiles. Though largely symbolic, the agreement spawned hope for cooperation on both sides.

Kennedy-Khrushchev meeting in 1961

In Vienna, Khruschev bullied and browbeat Kennedy and threatened to limit Western access to Berlin.

Gettysburg Address

In a speech that began "Four score and seven years ago," Abraham Lincoln recast the war as a historic test of the ability of a democracy to survive. He delivered the speech on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of a cemetery for casualties of the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg.

True

The GI Bill of Rights provided financial assistance for home loans and college expenses.

XYZ affair

In response to continued French aggression at sea, john Adams sent a diplomatic envoy to France to negotiate for peace in 1797. Charles de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, refused to meet with the U.S. delegation and instead sent three anonymous agents - X, Y, and Z- to try to extort money from the Americans in exchange for negotiation rights. This widely publicized attempt at extortion aroused outrage among the American people.

Virginia resolves

In response to the 1756 stamp act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia resolves, these resolution persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Constitutional Convention

In response to the Annapolis Convention's suggestion, Congress called for the states to send delegates to Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation. Delegates came to the convention in May 1787, and drafted an entirely new framework that would give greater powers to the central government. This document became the Constitution.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

In the 1857 Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court rule that no black, whether slave or free, could become U.S. citizen or sue in federal court. The decision further argued that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional becasue it violated the Fifth Amendment's protection of property - including slaves - from being taken away without due process.

KOrematsu v. US

In the 1944 case of Korematsu v. US the Supreme court upheld FDR's 1942 executive order for the evacuation of all Japanese Americans on the west coast into internment camps. The camps operated until 1945.

Adlai Stevenson

In the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections, he was the Democratic nominee who lost to Dwight Eisenhower. He was also the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and is remembered for his famous speech in 1962 before the UN Security Council that unequivocally demonstrated that the Soviet Union had built nuclear missile bases in Cuba.

In retrospect, the cold war was probably:

Inevitable.

McCulloch v. Maryland

In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that states could not tax federal institutions such as the Second Bank of the United States. The ruling asserted that the federal government wielded supreme power in its sphere and that no states could interfere with exercise of federal powers. A denunciation of states' rights, this ruling angered many Republicans.

Worcester v. Georgia

In the case of Worcester v. Georgi (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee tribe comprised a "domestic dependent nation" within Georgia and thus deserved protection from harassment. Known as vehement Indian hater and eager to secure Native Amerian land for U.S. settlement, Andrew Jackson refused to abide by the decision. The Cherokee removal continued on unabated.

Proclamation of American Neutrality

In the early 1790s, Britain and France went to war with each other. The American public was torn over which nation to support: the South largely backed France, while the North favored the British. This 1793 announcement was George Washington's response to the public division--a decision that the US would not get involved in the war.

False

In the early months of the Korean War, UN forces encountered little resistance until they reached the Chinese border.

Indentured Servitude

Indentured servants were usually white adult males who bound themselves to labor in the colonies for a fixed number of years in order to secure their freedom. Some immigrants came to the colonies willingly, while others were criminals, and still others were kidnapped or manipulated into coming in order to remedy the severe labor shortage in the colonies.

Assembly line

Industrialist henry ford installed the first assembly line when developing his Model T car around 1910 and perfected its use in the 1920s. Assembly line manufacturing helped maximize worker output by allowing workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action. It became a widespread production method during the 1920s and 1930s.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Cotton gin

Invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin separated the fibers of short-staple cotton from the seeds. The mechanization of this task made cotton plantations much more efficient and profitable, giving rise to a cotton-dominated economy in the south.

True

Israel's creation in 1948was followed immediately by a war with its Arab neighbors.

Medicare

It removed incentives for hospitals to control costs, so medical bill skyrocketed.

Which of the following is NOT true of the GI Bill?

Its huge cost did not justify its benefits.

Which of the following is not true of the GI Bill?:

Its huge cost did not justify its benefits.

main beatnik figures

Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti

False

Jack Ruby was charged with assassinating President John F. Kennedy, but doubts about his guilt linger.

James Buchanan

James Buchanan, a moderate democrat with support from both north and south, served as president of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He could not stem the tide of sectional conflict that eventually erupted in the civil war.

Second New Deal

Jan 1935-Sept1935- Reorganized fed program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor,Supp for org labor, social welfare benefits for elder, striker business reg, heavier taxes on wealthy. Social Security system created.

Eisenhower's farewell address to the nation

January 17, 1961 showed his remarkable foresight in his expertise, military. • Addressed warnings, dangers of a large military in a time of peace, and war was avoided not that a lasting peace was in sight.

Tet offensive (1968)

January 31, 1968, first day of Viet new year (Tet), the VC defied a holiday truce to launch assaults on Americans and SV. Hue (old capital city) fell to the Communists, and VC temporarily occupied ground of US embassy in Saigon. • VC casualties were enormous, but surprise attack was more telling for the American people.

All of the following were original NATO members EXCEPT:

Japan

Jay's Treaty

Jay's Treaty, signed in 1794, provided for the removal of British troops from American land and opened limited trade with the British West Indies, but said nothing about the British "impressment" of AMerican sailors. While the American public criticized the treaty for being too favorable to Britian, the treaty was a great diplomatic feat of the Washington administration, since it preserved peace with Britain.

Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow laws were state laws that institutionalized segregation in the South from the 1880s through the 1960s. Along with segregating schools, buses, and other public accomodations, these laws made it difficult or impossible for southern blacks to vote and often forbade intermarriage.

John C. Calhoun

John C. Calhoun was involved in politics throughout the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson. Calhoun served as James Monroe's secretary of war, as John Quincy Adam's vice president, and then as Andrew Jackson's vice president (during Jackson's first term only). A firm believed in states' rights, Calhoun clashed with Jackson over many issues, most notably nullification.

John Cabot

John Cabot explored the northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498, claiming Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Grand Banks for England.

John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy, a democrat, served as president from 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. A young and charismatic leader, he cultivated a glorified image in the eyes of the American public. Kennedy's primary achievements came in the realm of international relations, most notably the peaceful resolution of the Cuban missile crisis.

John brown

John brown was an extreme abolitionist who believed god had ordained him to end slavery. In 1856, he led an attack against proslavery government officials in Kansas, killing five and sparking months of violence that earned the territory the name "bleeding Kansas." In 1859, brown led 21 men in seizing a federal arsenal in harper's ferry, Virginia, in a failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion. He was caught and hanged.

Andrew Johnson

Johnson became president upon Lincoln's death in 18655 and remained in office until 1869. Johnson's plan for presidential reconstruction was too lenient in the eyes of a congress heavily influenced by radical republicans. Congress fought his initiatives and undertook a more stringent and retributive reconstruction plan. Johnson's relationship with congress declined steadily during his presidency, culminating in impeachment proceedings in 1868.

True

Johnson's Great Society programs helped reduce the number of people living in poverty.

Joseph Pulitzer

Joseph Pulitzer owned the New York world, the main competitor of William Randolph Hearst's New York journal at the time of the Spanish American war. Though the world was the slightly more reputable of the two papers, both engaged in yellow journalism, exaggerating fats and sensationalizing stories about Spanish atrocities in Cuba.

Mormonism

Joseph smith founded the church of latter day saints also known as Mormonism, in 1830. The core of the church's tenets are derived from the book of Mormon, a book of revelation similar in style and form to the bible. The Mormons moved steadily westward during the early 1830s, seeking to escape persecution. During the late 1840s, a new leader, Brigham Young, led the Mormons to present day Utah, where they settled.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Juan Ponce de Leon was a Spanish explorer who was trying to find a Fountain of Youth. Instead, he landed in Florida.

Geneva Accords (1954)

July 20, France, Britain, USSR, China and VM signed. • Proposed to make Laos and Cambodia independent • Divide Vietnam at 17th parallel • VMinh would take power in the north and French remain in south until elections in 1956 would reunify Vietnam. • America and South Vietnamese refused to join in accords

The Awakening

Kate Chopin's 1899 novel reflecting the changing role of women in the period. Portrays a married women during this period. Defies social convention first by falling in love and then by suiciding when his views oppose hers.

first-ever television debate

Kennedy and Nixon; Nixon looked ill while kennedy looked poised

Bay of Pigs (April 17, 1961)

Kennedy learned of a secret CIA operation was training 1,500 anti-castro Cubans for an invasion of their homeland. Assured, the CIA analysts predicted that the invasion would inspire Cubans to rebel against Castro and his Communist regime. • Poorly planned and poorly executed, had little chance of succeeding. Looked like fools. Planners underestimated Castro's popularity and his ability to react to the surprise attack. • Brutally subdued in 2 days, more than 1,100 men were captured. • "colossal mistake" poor communication, poor maps, faulty equipment, ineffective leadership.

In South Vietnam in the early 1960s:

Kennedy was increasing the number of American military advisors.

Student civil rights activists in the South would likely experience all of the following except:

Kennedy's public encouragement.

King George III

King George III, the King of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

Ten Percent Plan

Known as the "ten percent plan," Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was more lenient that many members of Congress, especially the Radical Republicans, hoped to impose. Under Lincoln's 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, Southern states would be readmitted to the Union once ten percent of the state's voting population took an oath of loyalty to the Union and the states established new non-Confederate governments.

Korean armistice (1953)

Korean peace talks in deadlock. May 1953, intensified aerial bombardment of NK, then had John Foster Dulles threaten to use A-bombs. • Negotiations moved quickly toward armistice along the 38th parallel, and toward a complicated arrangement for exchange of prisoners that allowed captive to accept or refuse repatriation (going back). • July 26, 1953, announced end of fighting in Korea. Uncertain whether he would have dropped bombs or not.

Battle of the Bulge

Lasting from December 16, 1944, to January 16, 1945, the Battle of the Bulge was the final German offensive in the West, as Hitler amassed his last reserves against Allied troops in Belgium and Luxembourg. Germany made a substantial bulge in the Allied front line, but the Allies recovered and repelled the Germans, clearing the way for an Allied march toward Berlin.

Truman's response to the Soviet blacked of West Berlin in 1948 was to:

Launch a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin.

In 1958, Eisenhower sent U.S. Marines into:

Lebanon

Federalists

Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappear completely after the Hartford Convention.

National Republican Party

Led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams, the National Republicans were one of two new political parties that emerged in the late 1820s to challenge the dominant Republican Party (the other being the Democrats). Th party found its core support in the industrializing Northeast. During Jackson's second term in office, the National Republican Party reconfigured itself as the Whig Party.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Led by future president William Henry Harrison, U.S forces defeated Shawnee forces in the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The U.S victory lessened the Native American threat in Ohio and Indiana.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Led the group of senators known as reservationist during the 1919 debate over the League of Nations. Lodge and his followers would support the US membership in the League of Nations only if major revisions were made to the covenant. Wilson, however refused to compromise, and the treaty was rejected. The US never joined the League of Legends.

Leif Ericson

Leif Ericson is the alleged leader of a group of Icelandic people who sailed to the eastern coast of Canada and unsuccessfully attempted to colonize the area around the year 1000, nearly 500 years before Columbus arrived in the Americas.

the rosenbergs

Liberal Jews who were prosecuted in the 1950's over accused spying for the Soviets. Were convicted and senteced to death, and killed in 1953

My Lai massacre

Lieutenant William Calley, ordered the murder of 347 civilians in village in 1968. 25 army officers were charged with complicity in massacre and cover-up, but only Calley was convicted; Nixon later granted him parole.

Two decades after 1940:

Life expectancy for nonwhites rose ten years and black wage earnings increased fourfold.

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln emerged during the late 1850s as the nation's top Republican. His victory in the presidential election of 1860 precipitated the secession of the first southern states, paving the way for the Civil War. Lincoln's primary goal during and after the Civil War was to restore the Union. He was assassinated in 1863 before he could realize his goal.

The location of William Levitt's first suburban development was:

Long Island

True

Lyndon Johnson's domestic program was called the Great Society.

passive resistance

MLK's strategy of nonviolent protest

Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954)

Major French force sent in hope of luring Viet Minh guerrillas into the open and overwhelming them with firepower. Instead, found themselves trapped by VM that threatened to overrun their stronghold. • French asked for help for American air strike. Us backed away after Britain wouldn't help out. • May 7, VM overwhelmed that last French resistance. • 6 weeks later, French continued to suffer defeats in Vietnam.

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey, a powerful African American leader during the 1920's, founded the Universal Negro improvement association(UNIA) and advocated a mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. His radical movement won a substantial following, Garvey was convicted of fraud in 1923 and was deported to Jamaica in 1927. the UNIA collapsed without his leadership.

Baby Boom

Markedly higher birth rate in the years following WWII; led to the biggest demographic "bubble" in American history.

Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren served as secretary of state during Jackson's first term in office and as vice president during his second. As Jackson's handpicked successor, Van Buren won the presidency in 1836. Beset by the panic of 1837 and unable to win over Jackson's opposition, the Whigs, Van Buren lost his bid for reelection in 1840.

McCarthyism

McCarthyism refers to the extreme anticommunism in American politics and society during the early 1950s. The term derives from the actions of Senator Joseph McCarty, who led and intense campaign against alleged subversives during this period.

H.L. Mencken

Mencken's magazine American Mercury served as the journalistic counterpart to the "lost generation" of writers, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, who grew disillusioned and even disgusted with American post-war life. Mencken used satire to critique political leaders and American society during the 1920s.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was a theory of trade stressing that a nation's economic strength depended on exporting more than it imported. British mercantilism manifested itself in triangular trade and in laws passed between the mid-1600s and the mid-1700s, such as the navigation acts (1651-1673), aimed at fostering British economic dominance.

Republican Party

Mid 1850s. Focused on promoting issues of free soil. Selected Abraham Lincoln, and dominated politics during Civil War.

Miranda v. Arizona

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) is a Supreme Court case that protects the rights of the accused. The arresting officer in the Miranda casa did not make the defendant aware of his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination. Police are required to make suspects aware of their "Mirada rights," as they are onw known, which includes the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning.

True

Nikita Khrushcheb was Soviet premier while Kennedy was president.

James Monroe

Monroe served as president from 1817 until 1825. His presidency formed the core of the Era of Good Feelings, characterized by the consolidation of the one-party system, an upsurge of American nationalism encouraging political harmony, and Monroe's efforts to avoid political controversy and conflict.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO, pledged that any attack against any one of the 12 members would be considered an attack against all. • US, Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, and Portugal.

April 30, 1975

NV tanks rolled into Saigon, soon to be renamed to Ho Chi Minh City, helicopters lifted the US embassy officials to sips waiting offshore. Terrified SV fought to get on board the helicopters, for they knew communists would be merciless victors.

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime. Wild parties, drinking and dancing.

Louisiana Purchase

Negotiated in April 1803, during Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the nation and opened the West to exploration and settlement. With the Louisiana Purchase came not only expansion but also strife: border disputes with foreign powers as well as congressional debates over the admission of new states from the region (whether the states would be slave-holding or free).

New England Confederation

New England colonies formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and the encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Suburban growth was spurred by all of the following except:

New construction of mass public transportation.

True

Nixon and his White House aides tried to cover up the Watergate break-in.

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's national security advisor, held secret meetings between him and NV

black thursday

October 24, 1929, the day the stock market crashed an astounding 9 percent (after a decade of great prosperity); a signal (though not the only cause) of the Great Depression

Daniel Webster:

One of country's leading statesmen in the first half of the nineteenth century, Webster was a federalist lawyer who won, most notably, the Dartmouth College (1819) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) case in the Supreme Court. Webster became a powerful defender of northern interests, supporting the 1828 tariff and objecting to nullification. Webster's, who opposed many of Jackson's policies, became a leader of the Whig party.

Sputnik (1957)

October 4, Soviets launched the first satellite. Americans panicked. If Sov. Were so advanced in rockets, perhaps they could hit American cities with missiles.

Kent State University (1970)

Ohio National Guardsmen shot and killed 4 bystanders during anti-war demonstration on campus, during which the ROTC building was burned down by protesters. Public supported National Guard, saying students had "got what they were asking for"

Gulf of Tonkin

On August 2 and 4 of 1964, North Vietnamese vessels attacked two American destroyers in Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. President Johnson described the attacks as unprovoked. In reality, the U.S. ships were monitoring South Vietnamese attacks on North Vietnamese Islands that American advisers had planned . The incident spurred the Tonkin Gulf resolution--passed by Congress in reaction to supposedly unprovoked attacks on American warships off the coast of North Vietnam; it gave the president unlimited authority to defend U.S. forces and members of SEATO.

Atlantic Charter

On August 9, 1941, FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on a British ship off the coast of Newfoundland. The two discussed military strategy and issued the Atlantic Charter on August 14, which outlined their ideal postwar world. The Atlantic Charter condemned military aggression, asserted the right to national self-determination, and advocated disarmament.

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the site of an American naval base in Hawaii. The surprise attack resulted in the loss of more than 2,400 American lives, as well as many aircraft and sea vessels. The following days, the U.S. declared war against Japan, officially entering the World War II.

Declaration of the United Nations

On January 1, 1942, prompted by American entry into WWII, representatives of 26 nations signed the declaration of the United Nations. They pledged support for the Atlantic charter and vowed not to make separate peace agreements with the enemy.

Tet offensive

On January 31, 1968, the first day of Tet, thee Vietnamese New Year, the Vietcong and North Vietnamese army launched a general offensive throughout South Vietnam. Although the forces did not succeed in capturing the cities, they did wreak widespread devastation, killing many thousands of American troops. The month long attack led the American public to believe that victory in Vietnam was unattainable.

Fourteen points

On January 8, 1918, Woodrow Wilson outlined a liberal and idealistic peace program with his fourteen points. His plan called for unrestricted sea travel, free trade, arms reduction, an end to secret treaties, the territorial organization of Europe in favor of self-rule, and, most importantly, the creation of "a general association of nations" to protect peace and resolve problems.

Jack Kerouac

One of the Beats who rebelled against middle-class life and conventional literary expression.

Watergate

On June 17,1972, burglars employed by Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) broke into Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC. In the ensuing investigation, it became clear that Nixon had known of such illegal activity and had participated in a cover-up attempt. Faced with near-certain impeachment, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974.

Korean War

On June 25, 1950, troops from soviet supported North Korea, invaded South Korea. Without asking for a declaration of war, Truman committed U.S. troops as part of a United Nations "police action." The Korean War was conducted by predominantly American forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Limited fighting continued until July 1953, when an armistice restored the prewar border between north and South Korea.

Annapolis Convention

Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation.

J. D. Salinger, Catcher in the Rye (1951)

Originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation; rebellious teen.

Thomas Paine

Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British governemtn and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals. Historians have cited the publication of this pamphet as the event that finalloy sparked the Revolutionary War. Paine also published rational criticisms of religion, most famously in The Age of Reason (1794-1807).

Declaratory act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp act, the declaratory act stated that parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

Pendleton Act

Passed in 1883, the Pendleton Act established a civil service exam for many public posts and created hiring systems based on merit rather than on political favors, or patronage. The act aimed to eliminate corrupt hiring practices that had so long plagued the U.S. government.

Espionage act

Passed in 1917, the espionage act enumerated a list of antiwar activities warranting fines or imprisonment

Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871

Passed largely in response to the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 protected black suffrage.

Navigation Acts

Passed under the mercantilist systemt, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy, The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in largescale manufacturing.

The GI Bill did all of the following except:

Pay veterans large bonuses to remain in the military.

James K. Polk

Polk served as U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. A firm believed in expansion, Polk led the U.S. into the Mexican War in 1846, in which the U.S. acquired Texas, New Mexico, and California. Many Northerners saw Polk as an agent of Southern will aiming to expand the nation in order to extend slavery into the West.

Townshend Duties

Popularly referred to as the Townshend Duties, the Revenue Act of 1767 taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objectd to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a maner favorable to the entire British Empire.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

President from 1933 until his death in 1945, FDR was a architect of the New Deal, and the visible force behind efforts at recovery from the Great Depression. In forging the New Deal, he redefined the role and responsibility of the president, as well as forming the modern Democratic Party. He has been called the most popular American president.

Nguyen Van Thieu

President of south Vietnam who didn't want the Tho-kissinger cease-fire, and wanted the North Vietnamese out of the South

Virtual representation

Prime Minister George Grenville invoked the concept of virtual representation to explain why parliament could legally tax the colonists even though the colonists could not elect any members of parliament. The theory of virtual representation held that the members of parliament did not only represent their specific geographic constituencies but also took into consideration the well-being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation.

The Yalta pledges of democratic elections in Eastern Europe:

Proved to be meaningless.

Quasi-war:

Quasi-war was the term widely used to describe French and American naval conflicts occurring between 1798 and 1800. Although neither nation declared war on the other, they carried out hostile naval operations against each other.

The Liberator

Radical abolitionist William Loyd Garrison published The Liberator from 1831 until 1865. An influential newspaper within growing abolition movement, The Liberator expressed new and controversial opinions such as belief that blacks deserved legal rights equal to those of whites.

The African American writer who explored the theme of social alienation in Invisible Man was:

Ralph Ellison

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson was a leader of the transcendentalist movement and an advocate of American literary nationalism. He published a number of influential essays during the 1830s and 1840s, including "Nature" and "Self Reliance."

Thirteenth Amendment

Ratified December 6, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery in the United States.

Fourteenth Amendment

Ratified in July 1868 (ratification was a prerequisite for ex-Confederate states' readmission into the Union), the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed the rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, black and white, and provided for the loss of congressional representation for any state that denied suffrage to any of its male citizens.

New look

Reflecting Eisenhower's preference for nuclear deterrence rather ground force involvement against the Soviet Union, the New look emphasized the massive retaliatory potential of a large nuclear stockpile. Eisenhower worked to increase nuclear spending and decrease spending on ground troops.

Election of 1954

Republican losses weakened Eisenhower's relations with Congress

In its controversial Miranda v. Arizona decision,the Warren Court:

Required that an accused person be informed of certain basic rights.

Federal Reserve Board

Responsible for making monetary policy in the US that is, the policy affecting the money supply. The Fed operated mainly through the mechanisms of buying and selling government bonds and adjusting the interest rates. During the Great Depression, the Fed was given greater power and freedom to directly regulate the economy.

The person who benefited most from the outcome of the Hiss-Chambers case was:

Richard Nixon

False

Richard Nixon was impeached for Watergate-related offenses.

Sacajawea

Sacajawea proved an indispensable guide to the Lewis and Clark expedition, from 1804 to 1806. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with the Native American tribes in the Northwest.

Sacco Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti, anarchists and Italian immigrants, were charged with an April 1920 murder in Massachusetts and sentenced to death. The case against Sacco and Vanzetti was circumstantial and poorly argued, although evidence now suggests that they were in fact guilty. The case was significant for its demonstration of nativist and conservative forces in America, as well as of the liberal forces beginning to align against them.

Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein was the leader of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. He initiated an invasion of neighboring Iran in 1980 resulting in eight years of war between those two countries. In august 1990, he let the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, sparking the gulf war he was driven out of power by a U.S.-led invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2003.

State Department official George Kennan:

Said the United States should contain Soviet expansionist tendencies.

Dean Rusk

Secretary of State who replied that the administration was interested in such a solution but stressed to a newscaster, "Remember, when you report this, [to say] that eyeball to eyeball, they [the Soviets] blinked first."

selective service and training act

Selective Training and Service Act of September 1940 provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 and for the training of 1.2 million troops in just one year.

Lydon Johnson

Senate Majority Leader whom Eisenhower relied on for legislative action

Henry Clay

Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state

Nuremberg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

Congregationalism

Set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Congregationalism was a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community. This structure stood in contrast to the Church of England, in which the single state church held sway over all local churches.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the war of 1812 and returned relations between the U.S. and Britain to the status quo and bellum (in other words, the way things were before the war).

nullification crisis

South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law. In 1832 the tariff was lowered. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to secede; Jackson was furious, so he passed the Force Bill which said that Jackson can use the army to enforce the tariff

conservative coalition

Southern Democrats and Northern Republicans combined to defeat any effort to extend govt regulation onto healthcare and civil rights

Tariff of Abominations

Southern politicians called the 1828 tariff the "tariff of abominations" because it seriously hurt the South's economy while benefiting Northern and Western industrial interests. Resistance to the tariff in South Carolina let to the nullification crisis.

Carpetbaggers

Southern white Democrats gave the nickname "carpetbaggers" to northerners who moved South during Reconstruction in search of political and economic opportunity. These northern opportunists purportedly took so little with them that they could fit all of their belongings in rough suitcases made from carpeting materials.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

West Berlin blockade

Soviets began to restrict road and rail traffic, later on stopped all traffic, cut off electricity to west sector of city; hoped this would force the Allies to give up either Berlin, or the plan to unify West Germany. Used starvation and intimidation, but America stood firm in keeping Berlin.

38th parallel

Soviets occupied Northern Korea (above 38th), while US did same for the South of the line. Quickly organized a gov in the North along Stalinist lines; South set up Western-style regime. June 25, 1950- over 80,000 North Korean soldiers crossed the boundary, Truman responded decisively. • Wage war under auspices of the UN rather than unilaterally. • Decided to engage the armed forces without asking congress for a formal declaration of war.

Speakeasies

Speakeasies were hidden bars during the prohibition Era that offered live jazz music and hard liquor to costumers. They were of run by organized crime rings

Sam Rayburn

Speaker of the House whom Eisenhower relied on for legislative action

missile gap

Sputnik Crisis meeting; gap between our missile development and USSR's.

California gold rush

Starting in 1848, thousands of people began traveling west to search for gold and other precious metals. Few people actually found gold, but these movements led to organized settlements and eventually statehood for the western territory.

Stephen A. Douglas

Stephen A. Douglas first rose to national prominence as Speaker of the House, when he pushed the Compromise of 1850 through Congress. Douglas became the leading Northern Democrat and supporter of popular sovereignty and authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He battled Abraham Lincoln for a seat in Senate (successfully) in 1858, and for president (unsuccessfully) in 1860.

Impact of the Vietnam War

Stigma of the lost war and insight of American atrocities like My Lai Massacre, eroded respect for the military so much that people came to regard military service as corrupting and ignoble. • Suggested the democracy was not easily transferable to third world countries that lacked any historical experience with representative gov. • Meant to contain communism, instead the war sapped the national will and fragmented the national consensus that had governed foreign affairs since 1947 • Changed the balance of power in domestic politics. Undermined LBJ's presidency, it also created enduring fissures in Democratic Party. • Wanted to put war behind them; in the end there was no end at all....like these notes.

Strict Constructionists

Strict constructionists favored a strict reading of the Constitution, especially of the elastic clause, in order to limit the powers of the central government. Led by Thomas Jefferson, strict constructionists comprised the ideological core of the Republican Party.

Students for a democratic society (SDS)

Students for a democratic society, created in 1962, united college students throughout the country in a network committed to achieving racial equality, alleviating poverty, and most immediately, ending the Vietnam war.

Charles Sumner

Sumner was the leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction. Perhaps the most distinguished member of the radical faction, he ensured the faction's position in the federal government and argued ardently for civil rights for blacks. Sumner went on to lead the defection of the Liberal Republicans.

Tet Offensive

Surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the war in Vietnam.

Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony was a leading member of the women's suffrage movement. She served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900.

At the end of WWII, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel.

TRUE

Barry Goldwater said, "extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice."

TRUE

By 1960, nine out of ten homes in the United States had a television set.

TRUE

Lyndon Johnson's domestic program was called the Great Society.

TRUE

Many adults, having experienced the Depression and wartime rationing, were eager to consume more in the 1950s.

TRUE

Nikita Khrushchev was Soviet premier while Kennedy was president.

TRUE

Ralph Ellison wrote Invisible Man.

TRUE

Rural areas experienced practically no population growth in the 1950s and 1960s.

TRUE

The GI Bill of Rights provided financial assistance for home loans and college expenses.

TRUE

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act was also known as the GI Bill of RIghts.

TRUE

The Tet offensive marked a turning point in public support for the war in Vietnam.

TRUE

The years during and after WWII witnessed tremendous growth in big business.

TRUE

Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of supplying US secret documents to the Soviets.

TRUE

Within a few months of the end of WWII, there were strikes and other labor disputes in the steel, coal, and railroad industries.

TRUE

Tea Act

The 1773 Tea Act eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. This act effectively created a monopoly for the East India Company, which had been in financial difficulties. This, along with the Tea Act's reinforcement of the long-resented tax on tea, outraged many colonists and prompted the Boston Tea Party.

Mexican War:

Tension mounted between the U.S and Mexico after Texas accepted the U.S congress's offer of admission to the union despite the Mexican government's opposition. After Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande, the U.S declared war against Mexico in 1846. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war, granted the U.S possession of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Th Judiciary Act of 1789 created the court system. The act established a federal district court in each state and affirmed that the Supreme Court exercised final jurisdiction in all legal matters.

Iron Curtain

The "iron curtain," a tern coined by Winston Churchill, referred to the area of Eastern Europe controlled indirectly by the USSR, usually through puppet governments. This area was cut off from non communist Europe.

Stamp Act

The 1765 Stamp Act required colonial Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers and all legal documents. Violators faced juryless trials in vice-admiralty courts, as under the 1764 Sugar Act. The Stamp Act provoked the first organized response to British impositions.

Northwest ordinance

The 1787 northwest ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the union from the Northwest Territory. The ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The northwest ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the articles of confederation.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The 1896 Supreme Court decision in plessy v. Ferguson ruled that segregation was not illegal as long as facilities for each race were equal. This "separate but equal" doctrine served to justify southern laws separating blacks and whites on trains and in restaurants, schools, and other public facilities. In 1954, the Supreme Court overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine in the landmark Brown v. Board of education case.

Clayton antitrust act

The 1914 Clayton antitrust act, spearheaded by Woodrow Wilson, improved upon the vague Sherman antitrust act by enumerating a series of illegal business practices.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

The American Civil Liberties Union, founded in 1920, seeks to protect the civil liberties of individuals in the U.S., often by bringing "test cases" to court in order to challenge questionable laws. In 1925, the ACLU challenged a Christian fundamentalist law in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Axis Powers

The Axis powers of World War II included Germany, Italy, and later, Japan. The three powers signed the Tripartite pact in September 1940.

Second Bank of the United States

The Bank, chartered in 1816, served as a depository for federal funds and a creditor for state banks. It became unpopular after the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Its president, Nicholas Biddle, had sought recharter early in 1832 which President Jackson vetoed.

Bull Moose Party

The Bull Moose Party was the nickname of the progressive Republican Party, led by Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election. It had the best showing of any third party in the history of the United States. The emergence of the Bull Moose Party dramatically weakened the Republican Party and allowed democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election decisively with only 42 percent of the popular vote.

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA is primarly concerned with international espionage and info gathering. In the 1950's the organization became heavily involved in many civil struggles in the Third World, supporting groups likely to cooperate with the US rather than the USSR.

Central Powers

The Central Powers, Germany adn Austria-Hungary, fought against the Allies - Great Britain, France, and Italy - in World War I. In 1917, the U.S. joined the war effort against the Central Powers.

Constitution

The Constitution outlines the operation and central principles of American government. As opposed to the Articles of Confederation, which it replaced, the Constitution created a strong central government with broad judicial, legislative, and executive powers through a system of checks and balances. Written at the Constitutional Convention, the Constitution was ratified by the states in 1789.

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusett's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1733 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

Freeport Doctrine

The Freeport doctrine was democrat Stephen a. Douglas's attempt to reconcile his belief in popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision. In the famed Lincoln Douglas debates of 1858, Douglas argued that territories could effectively forbid slavery by failing to enact slave codes, even though the Dred Scott decision deprived government of the right to restrict slavery in the territories

French and Indian war:

The French and Indian war in North America (1754-1763) mirrored the seven years' war in Europe (1756-1763). English colonists and soldiers fought the French and their Native American allies for dominance in North America. England's eventual victory brought England control of much disputed territory and eliminated the French as a threat to English dominance in the Americas.

Harlem renaissance

The Harlem renaissance refers to the flowering of black culture in New York City's Harlem neighborhood during the 1920s. Black writers and artists produced plays, poetry, and novels that often reflected the unique African-American experience in America and in northern cities in particular.

Holocaust

The Holocaust is the name for the Nazis' systematic persecution and extermination of European Jews from 1933 until 1945. More than six million Jews died in concentration camps throughout Germany and Nazi-occupied lands

Homestead Act

The Homestead Act, pased in 1862, encouraged settlement of the West by offering 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay ten dollars, live on the land for five years, and cultivate and improve it.

House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses, established in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, is considered to be the first representative governemtn in the New World. It consisted of 22 representatives from 11 districts of colonists.

Manhattan project:

The Manhattan project was a secret American scientific initiative to develop an atomic bomb. Working for almost three years at Los Alamos, New Mexico, the project succeeded in detonating the first atomic blast over the desert on July 16, 1945. The bombs produced by the Manhattan project were subsequently dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act, passed in 1854, divided the Nebraska territory into two parts, Kansas and Nebraska, and left the issue of slavery in the territories to be decided by popular sovereignty. The Kansas-Nebraska Act nullified the prohibition of slavery above 36 degrees 30' - latitude provided for in the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

The Klan was founded in 1866 in Tennessee, and was soon controlled by Democratic politicians. by 1868, the Klan operated in all Southern states, conducting raids to intimidate black voters and Republican officials. It faded away, but then made a resurgence beginning in 1915. The Klan was dominated by white native-born Protestants and advocated white supremacy. The Klan was investigated in 1964 for civil rights violations.

Mason and Dixon Line

The Mason and Dixon line was perceived as a divider between free and slave states before the Civil War between colonial charters of William Penn and Lord Baltimore.

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact is often cite as the first example of self-government in the Americas. The Pilgrims, having arrived at a harbor far north of the land that was rightfully theirs, signe the Mayflower Compact to establish a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I.

Mayflower

The Mayflower was the ship that carried the Pilgrims across the Atlantic from the Netherlands to Plymouth Plantation in 1620 (the Pilgrims had fled England to the Netherlands before heading to the New World).

National recovery administration

The NRA, perhaps the most important element of the first New Deal, established a forum in which business and government officials met to set regulations for fair competition. These regulations bound industry from 1933 until 1935, when the Supreme Court declared the NRA unconstitutional

True

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) resolved to use its huge oil supplies as a political and economic weapon.

Panic of 1819

The Panic of 1819 was the start of a two-year depression caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the Secon Bank of the United States. The Painc of 1819 exacerbated social divisions within the United States and is often called the beginning of the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Pilgrims

The Pilgrims were a group of English Separatists who had originally sought refuge in the Netherlands. In 1620, they sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower and established the colony of Plymouth Plantation.

Revolutionary War

The Revolutionary War lasted from the Declaration of Independence in 1776 until the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The American coloniss defeated the British and won independence.

The Securities and Exchange Commission

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was created in 1934 to regulate the stock market. It enforced the securities act of May 1933, which required that investors know particular information about a stock. The commission was established to prevent a recurrence of the stock market crash of 1929, and to reduce abuses in the system.

True

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act was also known as the GI Bill of Rights.

Smith Act

The Smith Act of 1940 made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. During the presidential campaign of 1948, Truman sought to demonstrate his aggressive stance against communism by prosecuting 11 leaders of the Communist Party under the Smith Act.

Cold War

The Soviet Union and the United States experienced a Cold War from 1946 to 1991. While there was no actual direct conflict between the nations, they were political, technological, and military enemies and rivals. During this period, the threat of communism loomed and affected all foreign policy.

In his Wheeling speech, Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communists in:

The State Department.

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act (1764) lowered the duty on foreign produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling. The act further stipulated that Americans could export many commodities - including lumber, iron, skins, and whalebone - to foreign countries only if goods passed through British ports first. The terms of the act and its methods of enforcement outraged many colonists.

Tehran conference

The Tehran conference, November 28 to December 1, 1943, was the first major meeting between the big three leaders. At the conference, Churchill, FDR, and Stalin planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war.

True

The Tet offensive marked a turning point in public support for the war in Vietnam.

Tories

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for the independence and did not support the Revolution.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War. It granted the U.S. control of Texas, New mexico, and California. In return, the U.S. assumed all monetary claims of U.S. citizens against the Mexican government and paid Mexico $15 million.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was signed in june 1919 at the end of WWI. The treaty punished the Germans severely, forcing Germany to assume blame for the war and to pay massive reparations. Other elements of the treaty included demilitarization of the west bank of the Rhine, the creation of new nations to grant autonomy to oppressed geographic and ethnic groups, and the formation of the League of Nations.

Teller amendment:

The U.S adopted the teller amendment just before the Spanish American war, 1898. The Teller amendment declared that the U.S would not acquire Cuba and would allow it to become an independent country once Spain was defeated.

Maine

The sinking of this U.S. battleship in Havanna, Cuba which the U.S. blamed on Spain was the main cause of the Spanish-American War. Later saw onboard fire caused the blast.

Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)

The US provided massive aid and military supplies to help Chaing Kai Shek fight Mao Zedong. Chaing's pro-American forces were called "nationalists" while Mao was supported by the communists.

Berlin Wall

The USSR completed construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 in order to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin. The wall symbolized the political split of Berlin between the communist East and democratic West. The wall was torn down on November 9, 1989 amid much celebration, setting the stage for the reunification of Germany and signifying the end of the Cold War.

True

The Viet Cong were the rebel army in South Vietnam.

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions:

The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions (1798) condemned the federalists' broad interpretation of the constitution and instead argued that states' rights superseded federal powers. The arguments concerning states' rights and nullification would resurface in the mid-1800s in the political crises involving tariff issues and slavery, issues that led to the civil war.

Virginia plan:

The Virginia plan was presented to the constitutional convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut compromise.

Young men's Christian association (YMCA)

The YMCA, and later the YWCA, came to America from England in 1851. It attempted to alleviate some of the strains of destitution in American cities by providing young people with affordable shelter and recreational facilities

Anti-imperialist league:

The anti-imperialist league argues against American imperialism in the late 1890s. Its members included such luminaries as Williams James, Andrew Carnegie, and Mark twain.

Anti-saloon league

The anti-saloon league, founded in 1895, spearheaded the prohibition movement during the progressive era.

Bank of the United States

The bank of the United States was chartered in 1791 as a controversial part of Alexander Hamilton's federalist economic program.

Battles of Lexington and concord

The battles of Lexington and concord initiated the revolutionary war between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas gage sent troops to concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston.

The beat movement:

The beat movement was a major American literary movement of the 1950s. The "beats" were group of nonconformist writers that included Allen Ginsberg, the author of Howl (1956), and jack Kerouac, who penned on the road (1957). These authors rejected uniform middle class culture and sought to overturn the sexual and social conservatism of the period.

Yalta conference

The big three, represented by FDR, Churchill, and Stalin, met at the Yalta conference from February 4 to February 11, 1945. Although FDR and Churchill's bargaining power with Stalin was severely hindered by the presence of soviet troops in Poland and Eastern Europe, Stalin did agree to declare war on japan soon after Germany surrendered and did approve plans for a United Nations conference in April 1945.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

The central law passed during congressional Reconstruction, the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 invalidated state governments established under Lincoln's and Johnson's plans, provided for military occupation of the former Confederacy, and bound state governments to vote for black suffrage.

Congressional Caucus

The congressional caucus was a centralized group of politicians that chose presidential candidates during the early days of the United States. It denied the population and real say in the nomination process and became a symbol of undemocratic elitist rule. Resented by much of the American public, the caucus lost its political influence in the early 1820s.

Dien Bien Phu

The defining battle in the war between French colonialists and the Viet Minh. The Viet Minh's victory secured North Vietnam for Ho Chi Minh and was crucial in compelling the French to give up Indochina as a colony.

Eighteenth amendment

The eighteenth amendment, ratified on January 16, 1919, prohibited the manufacture, transport, or sale of alcoholic beverages. It was sporadically enforced, violated by many, and repealed in 1933.

Populist Party

The farmers' Alliances in the Midwest and South joined with poor laborers to form the core of the Populist Party in 1892. The party advocated various reforms that supported farmers and the poor including free silver. In 1896, the Democrats appropriated parts of the populist platform and nominate William Jennings Bryan for president. Bryan lost the election despite the joint backing of the Democrats and Populists.

Federal emergency relief act

The federal emergency relief act (FERA), one of the new deal's most comprehensive measures, appropriated $500 million to support state and local treasuries that had run dry. The FERA was passed in May 1933.

jackie robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Roanoke

The first English settlement in the new world was on the island of Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina, established in 1587. Virginia dare, the first English child born in America, was born on Roanoke Island. The settlement failed, and no one knows what became of the people who first settled there.

First cotinental congress

The first continental congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the intolerable acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to king George III, conceding to parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Fugitive slave act

The fugitive slave act, originally passed in 1793, and strengthened as part of the compromise of 1850, allowed southerners to send posses onto northern soil to retrieve runaway slaves. During the early 1850's, northerners mounted resistance to the act by aiding escaping slaves and passing personal liberty laws.

Smith-Connolly War Labor Disputes Act

The generally amiable relationship between the government and organized labor during World War II eroded with the passage of the Smith-Connolly War Labor Disputes Act in June 1943. The act limited the right to strike in key industries and authorized the president to intervene in any strike.

Independent Treasury bill

The independent Treasury bill was signed into law in 1840. The bill established an independent treasury to hold public funds in reserve and prevent excessive lending by state banks, thus guarding against inflation. The independent Treasury bill was a response to the panic of 1837, which many blamed on the risky and excessive lending practices of state banks.

Intolerable acts:

The intolerable acts, passed, in 1774, were the combination of the four coercive acts, meant to punish the colonist after the 17783 Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec act. The intolerable acts were seen by American colonists as the blueprints for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the first continental congress.

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Thaddeus Stevens

The leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress, Thaddeus Stevens was a gifted orator and an outspoken legislator devoted to stringent and punitive Reconstruction. Stevens worked toward social and political equality for Southern blacks.

Malcom X

The most articulate spokesman for black power. Originally, the chief disciple of Elijah Muhammad, the black Muslim leader in the United States, he broke away from him and founded his own organization committed to estabilishing relations between African Americans and the nonwhite peoples of the world. Near the end of his life, he began to preach a biracial message of social change. In 1964, he was assassinated by members of a rival group of black Muslims.

Spoils System

The name "the spoils system" arose from the adage "To the victor go the spoils." The spoils system provided for the removal and replacement of all high-ranking officials within the executive office who were members of a new president's opposition. These offices would then be filled by loyal members of the winning party.

Dust bowl:

The name given to the southern great plains region (Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, and Oklahoma) during the 1930s, when a severe drought and fierce winds led to violent dust storms that destroyed farmland, machinery, and houses, and led to countless injuries. Roughly 800,000 residents migrated west from the dust bowl toward California during the 1930s and 1940s.

Panic of 1837

The panic of 1837 punctured the economic boom sparked by state's banks' loose lending practices and over speculation. Contraction of the nation's credit in 1836 led to widespread debt and unemployment. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stabilize the economy and ameliorate the depression.

Containment:

The policy of containment called for the preservation of post-World War II conditions, meaning the U.S would not challenge nations currently in the soviet sphere of influence, but also would not tolerate further soviet expansion, established during Truman's presidency, containment initially applied primarily to Europe. It soon evolved into a justification for U.S global involvement against communism.

Polio vaccine

The polio vaccine was created by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955. the US distributed the vaccine throughout the nation, rapidly diminishing the number of polio cases.

Progressive movement

The progressive movement was a time of political economic, and social growth and change in the U.S. it started in the end of the 19th century and lasted until 1917. The movement was inspired by the political theories of the enlightenment. National organizations like the NAACP, muckrakers like Upton Sinclair, and reformers like Dorothea Dix worked to expose and solve societal problems.

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Sexual Revolution

The sexual revolution refers to the easing of sexual taboos in some segments of society during the 1920s. Female sexuality was accentuated, fashion became more liberal, divorce laws were liberalized in many states, and casual dating became more common.

Great Debate

The so-called Great Debate was an eight-month discussion on Congress over Henry Clay's proposed compromise to admit California as a free state, allow the remainder of the Mexican cession (Utah and New Mexico territories) to be decided by popular sovereignty, and strengthen the Fugitive Slave Act. Clay's solution was passed as separate bills, which together came to be known as the Compromise of 1850.

Sons of liberty

The sons of liberty led colonial opposition to the stamp act. The organization brought a new level of sophistication to mass demonstrations, forbidding followers to carry weapons and using strict discipline and military formations to direct protesters.

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in:

The sunbelt.

Lost generation

The term lost generation describes a small but prominent circle of writers, poets, and intellectuals during the 1920s. These artists-including Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ezra Pound-grew disillusioned with America's postwar culture finding it overly materialistic and spiritually void. Many of these artists moved to Europe to write, and their writings often expressed their disgust with America's materialism and superficiality.

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt was vice president to William McKinley during McKinley's second term. After McKinley's assassination in 1901, Roosevelt assumed the presidency, and served until 1909 (he won the 1904 election). A progressive reformer, he worked to regulate the activities of corporations and protect consumers and workers. Roosevelt also pursued an aggressive style of foreign relations known as "big stick" diplomacy.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These 1798 acts gave the government unprecedented power to infringe upon individual liberty. Federalists claimed that theses acts were essential for national security. Republicans countered that they were politically motivated and served only to deny Americans their rights to fair trials and free speech. The acts were the undoing of the Federalists. Jefferson won the presidency in 1800 based largely on popular dissatisfaction with the acts.

Radical Republicans

These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

Sherman Antitrust Act

This 1890 law made illegal "every contact, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in the restraint of trade." Although intended to break up business monopolies, the Sherman Antitrust Act was used to break up union strikes in the 1890s. Not until the early 1900s did the government invoke the act to launch an aggressive antitrust campaign

Loving v. Virginia

This 1967 case declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Hayes-Tilden Compromise

This compromise resolved the conflict arising from the presidential election of 1876. Republican leaders contested the election returns of some states thus ensuring the victory of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes against Democrat Samuel J. TIlden - who won the popular vote. To minimize protest from the Democrats, Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the last two occupied states in the South.

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Salutary neglect:

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian war.

Embargo act:

Thomas Jefferson endorsed the embargo act in December 1807, ending all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the embargo would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S neutrality rights in exchange for U.S goods. The embargo, however, hurt the American economy more, leading to the act's repeal in March 1809.

The Age of Reason

Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason was published in three parts between 1794 and 1807. A critique of organized religion, the book was widely criticized as a defense of Atheism. Paine's argument is a prime example of the rationalist approach to religion inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

Neutrality acts

To keep the U.S, out of another world war, congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts between 1935 and 1937. The acts made arms sales to warring countries illegal and forbade American citizens to travel aboard the ships of belligerent nations.

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism was a spiritual movement that arose in the 1830s as a challenge to rationalism. Transcendentalists aimed to achieve an inner, emoitonal understandin of God rather than a rational, institutionalized one. They believed certain concepts such as truth and freedo were inborn. Among the more prominent transcendentalists were the writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

To Secure These Rights

Truman appointed presidential commission on civil rights which recommended reinstatement of FEPC, establishment of permanent civil rights commission, and denial of fed. aid to segregated schools; blocked by southern resistance in Congress

armed forces

Truman ordered desegregation; took effect during Korean War

As the 1948 election approached:

Truman seemed to be in deep political trouble

Fair Deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Fair Deal

Truman's liberal legislative agenda: stressed New Deal goals, farm programs, Social Security, minimum wages, repeal Taft-Hartley; main reform measures: 1) medical insurance for all Americans 2) established FEPC 3) fed. aid to education; but defeated in Congress

The 1948 election is probably best remembered for:

Truman's upset victory

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

John Tyler

Tyler became president of the United States in 1841, when William Henry Harrison died after one month in office.

William C. Westmoreland

US commander in Vietnam, greeted first installment of combat troops • Engaged Americans into Search and Destroy operations throughout SV • Casualties increased, body count of VC dead announced on TV • Became a war of attrition "Westy's War" fought with chemicals, helicopter gunships, and napalm

Soviet atomic bomb (1949)

US found unusual level of radioactivity in air, evidence that Soviets had successfully tested and atomic bomb. Triggered an intense reappraisal of the strategic balance of power in the world. • 1950, Truman ordered the construction of a hydrogen bomb, far more powerful than A-bombs, before Soviets made one. • Ntional Security Council to produce NSC-68, top secret document, rebuilding Americas conventional military forces to provide options other than nuclear war.

Vietnam "peace" agreement in 1973

US, NV and SV, and VC signed "agreement on ending the war and restoring people in Vietnam". • Nixon claimed bombing had brought NV to its senses, in truth NV never altered basic stance; they kept troops in the south and remained committed to reunification of Vietnam under one gov. • What had changed was the SV to accept terms on the basis of Nixon's promise that the US would respond with full force to any communist violation of the agreement.

In early 1968, increasing opposition to the war within his own party:

Ultimately forced Johnson out of the presidential race.

Sherman's march to the sea

Union general William T. Sherman led his forces on March from Atlanta to savannah and then to Richmond. General Sherman brought the south "to its knees" by ordering large scale destruction.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Walt Whitman

United States poet who celebrated the greatness of America (1819-1892)

Nathaniel Hawthorne

United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864) The Scarlet Letter explored the moral dilemmas of adultery in a Puritan community.

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail from Europe to India. He led four ships that sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, opening a trade route that is still used today.

First Indochina War

Vietnamese fought French for their independence; French use conventional tactics tried to get Vietminh out of jungle and defeat them with military might, but they did not succeed. In the end, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia separate from France.

Ho Chi Minh's primary goal was:

Vietnamese independence

Harry Byrd

Virginia senator who supplied a rallying cry: Massive Resistance--In reaction to the Brown v. Board of Education decision 1954, he encouraged southern states to defy federally mandated school integration.

False

Volunteers in Service to America was a group of Republican young people who campaigned for Nixon and other conservative candidates in 1960.

The phenomenon of "white flight" in the 1950s:

Was a major cause of the growth of the suburbs.

George Washington

Washington led the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War and became the nation's first president in 1789. He intervened little in legislative affairs and concentrated mostly on diplomacy and finance. A Federalist, he granted Alexander Hamilton a great deal of support in his Federalist economic campaign. Washington officially resigned from office in 1796 ater serving two terms in office.

Booker T. Washington

Washington was an African American leader and the first principal of the Tuskegee institute 1881. Washington adopted a moderate approach in addressing racism and segregation, urging his fellow blacks to learn vocational skills and strive for gradual improvements in their social, political, and economic status.

Watts race riots

Watts: August, 1965, the riot began due to the arrest of a Black by a White and resulted in 34 dead, 800 injured, 3500 arrested and $140,000,000 in damages. Detroit: July, 1967, the army was called in to restore order in race riots that resulted in 43 dead and $200,000,000 in damages.

False

When North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in 1975, U.S. troops were sent back into the region.

Millard Fillmore

When Zachary Taylor died on July 9, 1850, vice President Millard Fillmore took over as president and served out remainder of Taylor's term, until 1853. He helped to push the Compromise of 1850 through Congress.

William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft was president from 1909 to 1913. Though handpicked by Roosevelt, he was not as enthusiastic as Roosevelt about progressive reform and soon allied himself with the conservative wing of the Republican Party by raising tariffs. In doing so, he offended many Progressive Republicans, including Roosevelt himself, and precipitated a split in the Republican Party.

Dollar diplomacy

William Howard Taft's foreign policy was called collar diplomacy. Taft sought to address international problems by extending American investment overseas, believing that such activity would both benefit the US economy and promote stability abroad.

William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan was the democratic candidate for president in 1896 whose goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him support from the Populist Party. Bryan lost the election to republican William McKinley. In the 1920s, Bryan made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and the key witness in the scopes monkey trial.

Boss tweed

William Marcy "boss" tweed was a New York City political figure who maintained his power through illegal means. In 1871, Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist, helped to expose "boss" tweed's "tweed ring," which stole millions of dollars from taxpayers. Future New York governor Samuel J. Tilden also helped break up the Tweed Ring

True

Within a few months of the end of World War II, there were strikes and other labor disputes in the steel, coal, and railroad industries.

False

Within days of the U.S. withdrawal, the cease-fire in Vietnam collapsed.

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson served as president from 1913 to 1921. An enthusiastic reformer, he supported measures to limit corporate power, protect laborers, and aid poor farmers. During the early years of World War I, Wilson struggled to preserve American neutrality. Wilson's key contributions to the war, beyond furnishing American forces, were the elucidation of his fourteen points and his advocacy of the League of Nations.

Sussex Pledge

Woodrow Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany following a German U boat attack against the French ship Sussex, which carried US civilians. Germany responded with the Sussex Pledge, promising not to attack merchant ships without warning and temporarily easing the diplomatic tension between the Us and Germany.

Federal Reserve Act

Woodrow Wilson's most notable legislative success, the 1913 Federal Reserve Act reorganized the American banking system by creating a network of twelve Federal Reserve banks authorized to distribute currency.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

A century of dishonor:

Written by Helen hunt Jackson and published in 1881, A Century of Dishonor attempted to raise public awareness of the harsh and dishonorable treatment of Native Americans at the hands of the U.S.

The Affluent Society

Written by John Kenneth Galbraith. It attacked the prevailing notion that sustained economic growth was solving chronic social problems.

Yellow journalism

Yellow journalism refers to the exaggerated and sensationalized stories about Spanish military atrocities against Cuban rebels that the New York world and New York journal, among other newspapers, published in the period leading up to the Spanish American war 1898. Yellow journalism swayed American public opinion in favor of war against Spain.

Zachary Taylor:

Zachary Taylor, a Whig, served as president from 1849 until his death in 1850. Taylor advocated popular sovereignty and in 1849 encouraged California to apply for statehood as a free state, thereby igniting the controversy that led to the compromise of 1850.

scheneck v. us

a 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Salvation Army

a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless

The Reverend Norman Vincent Peale emphasized:

a cheerful approach to life and religion

The theologian Reinhold Niebuhr emerged as:

a critic of social conformity and complacency

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Upton Sinclair

a famous muckraker, published The Jungle in 1906, which exposed the unsanitary conditions in several meatpacking plants. This novel and other exposes led to the passage of laws designed to ensure the safety of foods and medicines.

medicaid

a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them

Atomic Energy Commission

a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States

UN forces reaching the Yalu River brought about:

a massive Chinese intervention

The arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 inspired:

a massive bus boycott

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

To secure these Rights

a sign of progress for the civil rights movement during Truman's presidency, the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights formed in 1956. In the 1957, the Committee produced a report. To secure These Rights, that called for the elimination of segregation.

car culture

a social behavior, expanded automobile ownership and highway construction. • Changed dress, manners, social customs, vacation habits, shape of cities, consumer purchasing patterns, and common tastes. • New road systems • Enabled teens to escape parental control, "private lounge for drinking and sex"

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada established by Northern abolitionists.

Trust

a trust is a conglomerate of businesses that tends to reduce market competition. during the Industrial Age, many entrepreneurs consolidated their businesses into trust in order to gain control of the market and amass great profit, often at the expense of poor workers and consumers.

During the 1948 presidential campaign, Truman endorsed all of the following EXCEPT:

abolishing Social Security

Jackson Pollack pioneered the style of painting known as:

abstract expressionism

Pollock

act of creating painting was important as art itself

peaceful coexistence

agreement between opposing countries that they will compete with one another but will avoid war

Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact)

alliance set up under mutual defense treaty in 1955 by communist nations; it is equivalent to communist ver. of NATO -unified military command directed the united forces -Albania withdrew in 1968; Czech was occupied by Warsaw troop when their planned to democratize

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947:

allowed the president to impose a "cooling-off" period during major strikes

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Howl was:

an explicit prose poem by Allen Ginsberg

Machine Politics

an organizational style of local politics in which party bosses traded jobs, money, and favors for votes and campaign support

Boxer Rebellion

anti-foreign sentiment in China erupted in the Boxer Rebellion. A group of zealous Chinese nationalists terrorized foreigners and Chinese Christians, capturing Beijing and threatening European and American interest in Chinese markets. The US committed 2500 men to an international force that crushed the rebellion in August 1900.

The result of the 1956 election was:

apparent voter approval of Eisenhower's "modern Republicanism"

Johnson's decisions on March 31, 1968

appeared on national television to announce a limited hault to the bombing of NV and fresh initiatives for a negotiated cease-fire. • He would not seek or accept the nomination of party for another term as president.

abstract expressionism

artistic counterpart of beats social protest; style emphasized individuality and freedom from constraints of realistic art; main figures: Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko

white flight

as blacks moved to inner cities, whites moved out to the suburbs

Truman Doctrine of 1947

asked for $400 million in economic aid to Greece and Turkey; support free peoples who are resisting communism.

Platt Amendment

authorized American withdrawal from Cuba only on the following conditions: Cuba must vow to make no treaty with a foreign power limiting its independence; the US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba when it saw fit; and the US could maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

National Defense Education Act of 1958

authorized fed grants for training in math, science, and modern languages, and student loans and fellowships.

federal highway construction act of 1956

authorized the fed gov to pay 90% of the cost of building a national network of interstate superhighways to serve needs of commerce and defense, and convenience of private citizens. States put up remaining 10%. • Crucial to national defense because it enabled the rapid movement of military convoys and evacuation of cities after nuclear attack.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution of 1964

authorized the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression.

Dulles's policy of "brinksmanship" involved:

averting war through the threat of nuclear force

Truman's Executive Order of 1948

banned racial discrimination in the hiring of federal employees, ended segregation in the armed forces. • Armed forces were the most racially integrated of all national organizations. • Greatest thing that happened to America.

Calvin Coolidge

became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

In regard to Israel's founding in 1948, the United States:

became the first country to recognize the Jewish state

President Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Act:

because he felt it promoted thought control

Panic of 1893

began when the railroad industry faltered during the early 1890's, followed by the collapse of many related industries. Confidence in the US dollar plunged. The depression lasted roughly four years.

By 1960, about 65 percent of Americans:

belonged to a church

African Americans

benefited economically from WWII; still disadvantaged, segregated, and discriminated; rising expectations postwar

In the postwar era, the trend in the corporate sector was toward:

bigness and concentration

The fact that "We Shall Overcome" became the civil rights anthem showed the powerful influence in the movement of:

black evangelical churches

Black Power

black power was the term for the more militant factions of Civil Rights groups that sprang up in the late 1960's. these groups stressed forceful resistance to white oppression and advocated separation from white society rather than integration.

rock n' roll

blamed teen delinquency on this post war music. • Phrase used in black communities to refer to dancing and sex • Freed radio program helped bridge the gap between white and black music. • Elvis Presley; sexually suggestive stage performances drove teenagers wild. • Patriotice groups claimed rock and roll was a tool of Communists to corrupt the youth.

baby boom

booming birth rate post-WWII; idealized the family

United States economy by 1970

booming, gap between living standards in US and rest of world was large. America produced and consumes 2/3 of its goods.

Montgomery bus boycott

boycotted buses in Montgomery, Alabama after Rosa Park's arrest; called for end to segregated seating; ended when Supreme Court ruled in favor of African Americans

American Medical Association

branded health insurance plan as socialized medicine; lobbied against it

One of rock and roll's most important contributions was to:

bridge class and racial divisions

The Korean War did all of the following EXCEPT:

bring about major changes in boundaries

I Like Ike

bumper stickers represented public enthusiasm. Liked Eisenhower better than liked the party.

critics of progressive education

called for sweeping educational reform; stressed traditional academic subjects

Ngo Dinh Diem

catholic who opposed French and VMinh. • Eisenhower offered to assist in developing and maintaining strong, viable state through military means, in return expected Diem to enact democratic reforms and distribute land to peasants. • US trained armed forces, and police, but Diem suppressed political opponents, offering little or no land distribution, permitted widespread corruption, refused to join elections to reunify Vietnam. • Declared himself President, by 1957 Viet Cong (VC) began attacks on gov.

permanent FEPC and anti-lynching

civil rights legislation included in Truman's Fair Deal but blocked by southern opposition

togetherness

code word of 1950s

The postwar economic boom was fueled mainly by:

cold war-related military spending

Douglas MacArthur

commanded the US army in the Pacivic during the WW2. He oversaw the American occupation of Japan and later led US troops in the Korean War. He pushed for total victory in the Korean War, seeking to conquer all of Korea and perhaps move into China, but Truman hold him back from this goal. After a month of publicly denouncing the administration's policy, MacArthur was relived from duty in April 1951.

Employment Act of 1946

compromise, dropped commitment to full employment ad set up a three member council of economic advisors to make appraisals of the economy and advise the president in an annual economic report.

In the 1950s, teenagers became especially important as:

consumers

The islands of Quemoy and Matsu were:

controlled by the Chinese Nationalists

Earl Warren

controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969); he led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

"orthodox" view of the Cold War

conventional; argues that Soviets led by Stalin, tried to dominate globe. Us had no choice by to stand firm in defense of democratic capitalist views.

As a leader, Eisenhower:

could be quietly effective

postwar housing shortage

created demand for new homes in suburbs

Peace Corps

created in 1961 to supply volunteers who would provide educational and technical services abroad.

In retrospect, the material successes of the 1950s:

created new problems that would be addressed in the 1960s

John Keats, The Crack in the Picture Window (1956)

criticized middle class life, and assaulted life in suburban developments. "homogeneous, postwar Hell" failed to recognize the benefits suburbs offered.

One major way Eisenhower's conservatism was revealed was in his determination to:

cut taxes and government spending

anxiety

danger of nuclear war; US/RUS rivalry; second Red Scare; McCarthyism; loyalty oaths and book burning

suburbs -> negative

de-emphasized extended family, discouraged feminism, women idealized as housewife

Alan Freed was a notable:

disc jockey

The 1954 Geneva Accords:

divided Vietnam until elections two years later

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles could be viewed as a Calvinist in that he:

divided the world into forces of good and evil

Camp meetings

during the second great awakening, religious revivals on the frontier took the form of camp meetings at which hundred or even thousands of people of various denominations met to hear speeches on repentance and to sing hymns.

Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council:

each have veto power over major UN decisions

John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (1958)

economist, attacked prevailing notion that sustained economic growth would solve chronic social problems. Public sector needed funds, public enterprises were deteriorating, and the postwar prosperity had yet to eradicate poverty.

Taft-Harley Act of 1947

effort to curb the power of the unions, banned the closed shop (in which nonunion workers could not be hired) but permitted a union shop (in which workers newly hired were required to join the union) unless banned by state law. • Forbid "unfair" union practices; secondary boycotts, or jurisdictional strikes, featherbedding. • Take oath that members were not in a communist party. • Cooling off period and forbad federal employee strikes.

Martin Luther King

eloquent spokesman and charismatic leader of new civil rights movement; Atlanta preacher led Montgomery bus boycott

neo-orthodoxy

emerged in Protestant seminaries; ideas of Reinhold Biebuhr

Office of War Information

employed artist, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning WW 2. The office publicized reasons for the US entry in to the war, often portraying the enemy Axis powers as barbaric and cruel.

Great Neck and Richmond Heights

enabled Jews and blacks to take part in suburbs

Voting Rights Act of 1965

ensured all citizens the right to vote.

Many critics of American life in the 1950s believed that middle-class society suffered from:

excessive conformity

Truman's Fair Deal proposals

extensions or enlargements of New Deal programs already in place: • Higher minimum wage • Expansion of social security coverage to workers not included in original bill • Extension of rent controls • Increase farm subsidies • Slum clearance and public-housing program

reform

failed to flourish in postwar years; cry for change replaced by prosperous affluence

Southdale Shopping Center

first enclosed air conditioned mall

Truman

first president to attempt to alter racial discrimination in US; succeeded in adding civil rights to the agenda; strengthened civil rights division of Justice Department

Oveta Culp Hobby

first woman to hold cabinet post in Republican administration; headed new department

Southern Christina Leadership Conference

founded by MLK; directed the crusade against segregation

American Federation of Labor

founded in 1886, sought to organize craft unions in a federation in which the individual unions maintained some autonomy. The structure of the AFL differed from that of the Knights of Labor, which aimed to absorb individual unions. Samuel Gompers was the AFL's founding leader.

Soviet and Communist activities in regard to Turkey and Greece were intended to:

gain the Soviets access to the Mediterranean

Nineteenth amendment

granted women the right to vote

baby boom and suburbia

great stimulants to consumer goods industries: appliances, automobiles; electronics, etc.

All of the following are true of Harry Truman EXCEPT that he:

had an Ivy League education

Ultimately, the Beats:

helped inspire the youth revolt of the 1960s

Korean War

helped overturn brief recession as defense spending stimulate war industries

U-2 spy planes

high altitude spy planes were gathering information about missiles, USSR, etc. • May 1, 1960 soviet rocket brought down U2. • Had been flying secret missions for 3 and ½ years. • Eisenhower took personal responsibility, justifying on grounds of national security

A major economic problem President Truman faced immediately after the war was:

high rates of inflation

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963)-

immediate best sellers, inspired women who felt trapped in domestication • Launched and new phase of femaile protest on the national level. • Well educted women were in fact miserable, and felt imprisoned in their homes which felt like concentration camps • Feminine Mystique- "gaily content on a world of bedroom, kitchen, sex, babies, and home" • Founded NOW (national organization for Women) sought to end discrimination in workplace on gender, legalize abortion, and obtain federal and state support for child-care centers.

Chinese Exclusion Act

in 1882, amid a wave of anti immigrant sentiment among American workers, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. The act banned Chinese immigration for ten years.

Interstate Commerce Act

in 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, which forbade price discrimination and other monopolistic practices of the railroads.

Pullman strike

in 1894 in Chicago, Eugene Debs led a strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company. the boycott crippled railroad traffic in Chicago. the courts ruled that the strikers had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and issued an injunction against them. when the strikers refused to obey the injunction, Debs was arrested and federal troops marched in to crush the strike. in the ensuing frenzy, thirteen died and fifty three were injured.

United Negro Improvement Association(UNIA)

in 1916, Marcus Garvey brought the United Negro Improvement association from Jamaica to the US. The UNIA urged economic cooperation among African Americans.

Palmer Raids

in 1920, in an operation coordinated by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, police and federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in 32 cities. The Palmer Raids resulted in more than 4000 arrests, 550 deportations, and countless civil rights violations.

Immigration Acts

in 1921, the first Immigration Act set a quota for immigrants of only three percent of the 1910 US population of a nationality. in 1924, that quota was lowered to two percent of the population in 1890. in 1927, a limit was set of 150,000 per year of western and northern European immigrants. the Immigration Act of 1965 ended quotas and set a limit of 120000 immigrants from the Western Hemisphere, and 1700000 outside the Western Hemisphere.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

in favor of segregation, declared "in public education separate but equal has no place" In support of his decision, Chief justice Earl Warren and court cited sociological and psychological facts that even if separate facilities were equal in equality, separating students create a feeling of inferiority.

inflation

increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money

One common way middle-class Americans coped with frequent job-related moving was to:

join lots of clubs

Containment

keep communism from spread to other countries.

moderation

keynote of Eisenhower presidency; no commitment to social change or economic reform; fiscal conservative and balanced budget; no plans to dismantle New Deal

FBI director J. Edgar Hoover blamed rising rates of juvenile delinquency on:

lack of religious values

Thurgood Marshall

led NAACP lawyers to challenge Plessy v. Ferguson and segregation of public schools

William Levitt (1947)

led suburban revolution by building 10,600 houses on 1,200 acres of farmland in Long Island, for more than 40,000 people, under 35 and their children. Gov assistance with loans, benefits for veterans. • Contracts for Levittown, excluded members of other than Caucasian race

Toussant l'Ouverture

led the Haitian Revolution, which resulted in a successful overthrow of French colonial rule in Haiti. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere.

Writs of Assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

Joseph R. McCarthy

little known republic senator, was a ruthless exploiter of nations anxieties. Claimed the state department was infested with communists, "had a list", easy to arouse public fears.

counterculture

long hair, blue jeans, tie-dyed shorts, sandals, drugs, rock music, experimental living • Hippies-direct descendants of the Beats of the 50s • Well educated middle class young whites alienated by Vietnam war, racism, political and parental demands, technology, good life with material goods mentality. • Eagerly embraced "tune in, turn on, drop out" • Live in harmony with nature, coexist in atmosphere of love and openness, liberate from restraints • Became counterproductive, ironic, hypocritical, and tragic • Most relied on governments and welfare, produced more babies than bread

Chiang Kai-shek (nationalists) vs. Mao Tse-tung (Communist)

losing fight for Nationalists, fled to island of Formosa, renamed Taiwan. US recognized nationalist gov on Taiwan as rightful gov of China, delaying relation with Communist China for 30 years.

Given his own personal views on the matter, Eisenhower's support for civil rights would be:

mainly left up to the courts

McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950

making it unlawful to agree with any other person to perform any act that contributes to totalitarian dictatorship. Communist (front) organizations had to register with the attorney general; aliens who belonged to totalitarian parties were barred from admission to US.

the Great Black Migration

migration of rural southern blacks to urban north and Midwest (5 mill) were in search for better jobs, higher wages, decent housing, and greater social equality. • Chicago population more than doubled. "capital of black America" • Promised land only to see harsh realities; slumlords rent, employers refused to hire them, union bosses denied membership. • Slum houses, joblessness, illiteracy, dysfunctional families, welfare dependency, street gangs, crime, and racism.

Truman viewed his victory as a mandate for:

moderate liberalism

National war labor Board

monitored and regulated the efforts of organized labor during World War 2. Although the board restricted wage increases, it also encouraged the extension of many fringe benefits to American workers.

C. Wright Mills

more caustic commentator on American society; described new middle class in books; corporations were the villains; assembly lines were dehumanizing

war on poverty

more than 40 mill people were in a culture of poverty, the modern poor lacked hope. Johnson wanted an anti-poverty package that was "big and bold, that would hit the nation with real impact". • Money would come from the tax revenues generated by corporate profits made possible by the tax reduction of 1964. • Economic opportunity bill that incorporated programs: o Job corps for innercity youths from 16-21, Head start program for disadvantaged preschoolers, work-study programs for college students, grants to farmers and rural businesses, loans to employers willing to hire chronically unemployed, Peace corps, Community Action Program (CAP) allowed poor maximum participation.

beats

most eloquent expression of disenchantment with consumer culture; literary groups rebelled against materialistic society of 1950s

David Reismen

most influential social critic; wrote The Lonely Crowd; intellectual commentary about suburbia

Television's transformation of American culture

most popular new household product: TV set. By 1960, 50 mill high quality sets. 38% colored TVs in homes. Would make the US more democratic, more progressive, more closely knit community. • Advertising created American frame of mind that make people want more things, better things, and newer things. Marketing targeted consumer desires and social envy

flight to suburbs

most significant social trend of postwar era; massive shift in population from the central city

postwar boom

nation witnessed period of unparalleled economic growth; demand for consumer goods; steady industrial expansion; heavy govt spending

In the immediate postwar period, much of Africa and Asia was swept by movements devoted to:

nationalism

quarantine of Cuba in 1962

naval blockade (technically act of war) offered advantage of forcing the Soviets to shoot first. • Oct. 22, pres announced the discovery of missile sits in Cuba and naval quarantine of the island. • Closest encounter with nuclear war. • October 24, 5 Sov. Ships with missiles aboard, stepped short of the quarantine line, 2 days later the Soviets offered to withdraw missiles in return of a pledge to not invade Cuba. • SOVS BLINKED FIRST

Suburban growth was spurred by all of the following EXCEPT:

new construction of mass public transportation

Immigration Act (and National Services) of 1965

new law would redress the wrong done to those from southern and eastern Europe and the developing continents of Africa, Asia, and Latin America • Abolishing the discriminatory quotas based on immigration policy in 1920s • Treated all nationalities and races equally • In place of quotas, creating hemispheric ceiling on visas issued.

Blacks who moved to northern cities found:

new problems and forms of exploitation

Prayer Pilgrimage

on third anniversary of Brown decision; stirred crowds with demand for right to vote

Stokely Carmichael

once a prominent member of the student nonviolent coordinating committee, Carmichael abandoned his nonviolent leanings and became a leader of the Black Nationalists movement in 1966. He coined the phrase "Black Power."

William A. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (1956)

one of the most influential books on management ever written. Employed at Fortune Magazine, interviews with CEOs like GE and Ford, looked at commitment and loyalty within corporations.

By the early 1950s, the United States was supporting the French effort against the Viet Minh:

only financially

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

opened up employment opportunities for African Americans

Rolling Thunder

operation; first sustained bombing of NV, intended to stop the flow of soldiers and supplies into the south. • 6 months later, the bombing had not slowed down the supplies from the Ho Chi Minh Trail from NV through Laos, and into SV.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

passed by the senate in 1964 following questionable report of a naval confrontation between North Vietnamese and US forces, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution granted President Johnson broad war time powers without explicitly declaring war.

JoAnn Robinson

paved the way in Montgomery with Woman's Political Caucus

The GI Bill did all of the following EXCEPT:

pay veterans large bonuses to remain in the military

silent majority

predominantly white working class and middle class citizens who were determined to regain control of a society they feared was awash in permissiveness, anarchy, and tyranny by the minority. • Believed LBJ's great society programs were ineffective and inefficient • Agreed Vietnam War remained the dominant event of time.

Gerald Ford

president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. Killed, and later found corrupt.

A very important reason for passage of the GI Bill was to:

prevent the return of the Depression

desegregation of schools

primary target of civil rights advocates; NAACP concentrated on universities

interstate highway system

profound influence on American life; stimulated economy, shortened travel; nation's dependence on automobiles intensified; metropolitan growth patterns

The Twenty-second Amendment:

prohibited presidents from serving more than two terms

moderate Republicanism

promised to • Slow the rate of gov expansions while retaining many of the coveted social programs established by Roosevelt and Truman • Restore the authority of state and local gov and restrain the federal gov from political and social "engineering" • Renew traditional virtues and inspire Americans with a vision of a brighter future amid a continuing "cold war"

Barry Goldwater, the Conscience of a Conservative (1960)

proposed the abolition of income tax, sale of Tennessee Valley Authority, and overhaul of Social Security. "trigger happy" • "In your hearts, you know he's right" slogan for republicans • "In your guts, you know he's nuts" Democrats responded.

The Warren Court's 1957 decision in regard to the Smith Act:

protected free political expression

The new president of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem

proved to be corrupt and authoritarian

The Yalta pledges of democratic elections in Eastern Europe:

proved to be meaningless

Housing and Urban Development Act

provided for construction of 240,000 public-housing units and $3 billion for urban renewal. • Robert C. Weaver-first black cabinet member.

Civil Rights Act of 1960

provided for the federal court referees to register blacks to vote in districts where a court found a "pattern and practice: of discrimination, and made it a federal crime to interfere with any court order.

schools

provided immediate problem for growing suburban communities; overwhelmed resources; limited help from fed. govt

Rosa Parks

refused to give up her seat to white person at local bus in Montgomery, Alabama

In regard to the Rosenbergs, who had been convicted of atomic espionage, President Eisenhower:

refused to halt their executions

Clarence Darrow

renounced Chicago trial lawyer and confessed agnostic who was the defense attorney in the Scopes "Monkey Trial" of 1925. He ultimately lost but the ruling was merely a gesture and was overturned by the State Supreme Court. While cross-examining Bryan he made a great argument against fundamentalists because Bryan "the bible interpretation expert" had revealed ignorance and single minded interpretations

balance of terror

replaced old balance of power. US and Soviets both had H-bombs, threat of nuclear holocaust was terrifying.

affluence

replaced poverty and hunger of Great Depression; obsession with material goods; conformity of suburbs

Quartering Act

required colonists to provide room and board to British troops. The British troops could be quatered anywhere, even homes.

Great Society

rested on abundance and liberty for all, and demanded an end to poverty and racial injustice.

The Hiss-Chambers case:

resulted in Hiss's conviction for perjury

In regard to New Deal programs, Eisenhower:

retained most and even expanded some of them

Norman Vincent Peale, The Power of Positive Thinking (1952)

reverend of feel-good theology. • Offered a simple formula to personal happiness: "flush out all depressing, negative, and tired thoughts, and start thinking faith, enthusiasm, and joy." He pledged people would become more popular, esteemed, and well-like. "peace-of-mind" "Stop worrying and start living"

The music Alan Freed labeled rock and roll was actually:

rhythm and blues

State Department official George Kennan:

said the United States should contain Soviet expansionist tendencies

In response to the Little Rock crisis of 1957, Eisenhower:

sent 1,000 federal troops to protect black students

Between 1945 and 1960, home ownership:

significantly increased

C. Mills, White Collar Society (1956)

social commentators were growing increasingly concerned about the negative effects of managerial personality. Attacked the attributes and influence of modern corporate life. • When white collar people get jobs, the sell not only their time and energy, but their personalities as well."

redemption

southern democrats' term for their return to power in the south in the 1870s

The baby boom:

started in 1946

To President Eisenhower, the most important reason to construct the interstate highway system was to:

strengthen national defense

"teen" subculture

teens had more money, and more free time than any previous generation. Teen market grew for radios, hula hoops, rock records, cameras, surfboards, 17 magazine, and Pat Boone movies. • "silent generation" partied at frats and sock hops before landing a job and settling down. • Juvenile delinquency swept across middle class society, over 1million teens arrested each year, leading with car theft. Thought to be because of lack of religious training.

When confronted with strikes in the coal and railroad industries in 1946, President Truman's response was to:

temporarily seize those industries

Iron Curtain

term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line dividing Communist countries in the Soviet bloc from countries in Western Europe during the Cold War

impact of the Tet offensive on U. S. public

tet offensive contradicted the upbeat claims by US that war was going well. • Magazines ran anti-war editorials urging withdrawal. • Johnsons popularity went down to 35% • Johnson was depressed

When North Korea attacked South Korea, Truman concluded:

that Stalin and the Soviets were behind it

Meat Inspection Act

the 1906 meat inspection act set federal regulations for meatpacking plants and established a system of federal inspection. this act and other measure aimed at improving the quality of food products were undertaken in response to the muckrakers' exposes of the unsanitary and often hazardous conditions of food processing plants.

Federal Trade Commission Act

the 1914 Federal Trade Commission Act created the Federal Trade Commission to monitor and investigate firms involved in interstate commerce and to issue cease and desist orders when business practices violated free competition. the act was a central part of Wilson's plant to aggressively regulate business.

One major reason for religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was:

the desire to combat godless communism

In 1947, President Truman took actions to banish Communists from:

the federal government

First hundred days

the first hundred days of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, from March 4 to June 16, 1933, encompassed a period of dramatic legislative productivity. during this period, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal.

Sphere of Influence

the geographical area in which one nation is very influential

Between 1945 and 1960 in the United States:

the gross national product almost doubled

Mann-Elkins Act(1910)

the mann Elkins Acts helped to regulate employment and commerce practices. It gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate telephone and telegraph lines, and cable and wireless establishments, and to handle any disputes in court.

Before becoming president, Eisenhower was most shaped by his experience in:

the military

In 1948, President Truman desegregated:

the military

Grange

the patrons of Husbandry, known as the Grange, was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. the Grange offered farmers education and fellowship, providing a forum for homesteaders to share advice and emotional support at biweekly social functions. the Grange also represented farmers' needs in dealings with big business and the federal government.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned about:

the power of the military-industrial complex

Railroad strike

the railroad strike of 1877 was the first major nationwide strike in the US, spreading from New York to Pittsburgh to St. Louis, Chicago and San Francisco. The railroad workers for nearly every rail line struck to protests wage cuts and firings. The riots provoked widespread violence and resulted in more than 100 deaths. president Hayes sent in federal troops to subdue the angry mobs and restore order.

Baby boom

the rapid population increase that took place between 1945 and 1960. Population swelled from 150 million to 180 million

Most blacks who moved to Chicago were fleeing terrible poverty in:

the rural South

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in:

the sunbelt

Willy Loman was:

the tragic lead character in Death of a Salesman

peace with honor

there was no way to win the war, but he couldn't say that of course. The US needed to keep some bargaining leverage at negotiating table. • Nixon claimed to have a "secret plan" that would bring peace with honor. • US could not simply cut and run, leaving 17 mill SV to face communist tyranny. • Stop the war, fast.

Schechter Poultry Corporation v. US

this case invalidated the National Industrial Recovery Act which established the National Recovery Administration and created the Public Works Administration. The decision declared the NRA unconstitutional because the NIRA gave the executive branch regulatory powers that belonged only to Congress.

"liberation" strategy

thought democratic policy of "containing" communism was defensive. Americans should instead work toward "liberation" of Eastern Europe from Soviets. • Liberation would not involve military force and promote independence by peaceful means.

southern senators

threatened filibusters against FEPC proposal

To help bring about an armistice in Korea, Eisenhower:

threatened the Communists with atomic weapons

brinksmanship

to confront communism, a nation had to "go to the brink" of nuclear war. • Play on fears of nuclear disasters; BLUFF

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Response to NATO.

nuclear test ban treaty of 1963

treaty with the Soviets and Britain to end nuclear testing in the atmosphere, oceans, and outer space. Ratified September 1963, was an important symbolic and substantive move towards the end.

In The Lonely Crowd, David Riesman described the dominant corporate personality as one who:

tried to please people and gain the boss's favor

By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing:

uniformity

New Frontier

used as a metaphor as the label for their domestic program because American had always been adventurers, eager to conquer, and exploit new frontiers. Kennedy promised to use administration to get the country moving. "We stand today on the edge of a new frontier"

intimidation, unfair tests

used in the South to deny African American suffrage

Levittown

utilized mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban NY to relieve postwar housing shortage; became symbol of movement to suburbs; conformity of houses; diverse communities; home for lower-middle class families

black power

violent extremists, revolutionists, Malcolm X, proud to be black.

By the end of the Eisenhower years, public school integration:

was still massively opposed in the Deep South

The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960:

were largely ineffective

1960's "baby-boomers"

were maturing, differed from their elders in that they had exeriences neither economic depression nor a major war.

By and large, Truman's Fair Deal proposals:

were thwarted by a conservative coalition in Congress

By the mid-1950s, most workers:

were white collar

automobile

what life in all suburban communities depended on; necessity spurred production

beatniks

what middle class termed beat generation; dropouts from society; disapproval from mainstream America; nonconformists; demonstrated style of social protest

White Christian

what most suburbs were

Inch'on was the site:

where General MacArthur turned the war around with a surprise landing

television

where largest advances were made; boomed in 1950s replacing radio and magazines; advertising and commercials; quiz shows, soap operas, comedies, etc.

During the 1950s, the income gap between whites and blacks:

widened

Haymarket riot

workers held a rally in Chicago to protest police brutality against strikers. the riot erupted in violence after someone threw a bomb, killing seven policemen and prompting a police backlash. after the riot, leaders of the Knights of labor were arrested and imprisoned, and public support for the union cause plunged.

Jack Kerouac

wrote On the Road; set the tone for beat movement

John Keats

wrote The Crack in the Picture Window; described endless row of tract houses, identical boxes, Drones, lost individuality

William Whyte

wrote The Organization Man; most sweeping indictment of suburbia; based on suburb study; change from old Protestant ethic to stifling conformity

Richard Gordon, Katherine Gordon, Max Gunther

wrote The Split-level Trap; concerned about psychological toll of suburban life; labeled new lifestyle 'Disturbia'

All of the following were sources of Dwight David Eisenhower's political appeal EXCEPT his:

years as a leader in Congress

New Left

youth revolt to distinguish their efforts at grassroots democracy from those of the "Old Left" of the 1930s, which had espoused an orthodox Marxism. • Originated when Tom Hayden and Al Harbor, UofM, formed Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Hayden's manifesto focused on the absence of individual freedom in modern life. The country ws dominated by gov, corporations, unions, and universities. • Started peaceful and passive, but became more militant

Cesar Chavez

• Founder of UFW (United Farm Workers)- represent Mexican American migrant workers • Born in Arizona by Mexican immigrants, joined thousands of other migrant farmworkers in California, living in tents, moving form job to job. • At 17, joined the Navy. After war, married, joined CSO • (Community Service Organization) - a social service group that sought to educate and organize the migrant poor so they could become self-reliant. General director in 1958. • Resolved to organize migrant farmworkers, joined a strike again grape growers (later to be world wide) with catholic and non-violent tactics, along with support of college student volunteers, labor and religious groups, which attracted media and popular support. • Result: formal contracts recognizing the UFW, migrant workers in the west were benefitting with increased wages, improved working conditions, and Hispanic voting power.

flaws in the Great Society programs

• Medicare removed incentives for hospitals to control costs, so medical bills skyrocketed • Reduced people in poverty, but it do so by largely providing federal welfare payments, not by finding people productive jobs. • Funds often never made it to the needy through bureaucracy. • Welfare fraud, and middle class resentment over cost and waste of Great Society Programs