chapter 29 30 and 35 mastering

Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems?

Vascular cambium (The vascular cambium is a type of cell found in lateral (not apical) meristems and is involved in secondary (not primary) growth)

True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume.

True

_____ provides cells for secondary growth

Vascular cambium (Vascular cambium is lateral meristem that provides cells for secondary growth.)

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

sieve-tube elements

The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is ___

soil via the xylem

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

vascular cambium

Two examples of lateral meristems in plants are _____.

vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new _____ to the layer's interior and _____ to the layer's exterior.

xylem ... phloem (The vascular cambium produces xylem at its interior and phloem at its exterior.)

Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, "flower of stone" should be expected to possess which other characteristics? 1. a gametophyte generation that is dominant 2. lignified vascular tissues 3. microphylls 4. filamentous rhizoids, but not true roots 5. spores that are diploid when mature

2 and 3

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

Plantae

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

They require water for reproduction.

Part B In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____. In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____. antheridia ... egg antheridia ... sperm cell microsporangia ... egg cell archegonia ... egg archegonia ... sperm cell

archegonia ... egg In pines, a megaspore repeatedly grows and divides, giving rise to a female gametophyte. The female gametophyte is the site in which egg-bearing gametophytes develop.

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____. increased surface area, increasing gas exchange decreased surface area, reducing water loss decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____. fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia moss sporophyte fern sporophyte

fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.

ferns

If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs?

ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____.

gametophyte of a moss

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____

green algae

When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating _____.

large axillary buds

21 do later

later

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall?

lignified vascular tissue (The polymer lignin strengthens the xylem and phloem, giving the plant more support and allowing it to grow taller.)

Microphylls are found in which plant group?

lycophytes

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? male gametophyte female gametophyte female sporophyte male sporophyte

male gametophyte

Which set contains the most closely related terms?

megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule

part c Where do fern antheridia develop?

on the underside of the gametophyte (Haploid antheridia in ferns develop on the underside of mature haploid gametophytes.)

Which of the following most directly produces the integument of a pine seed? pollen cone female gametophyte male gametophyte ovulate cone

ovulate cone

Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? inside the tip of a pollen tube in the style of a flower within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower enclosed in the stigma of a flower packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen

within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the gametophytes of "flower of stone" have the best chance of finding them? 1. moist soil 2. underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi 3. south- or west-facing slopes 4. permanently shady places 5. far from any flower of stone sporophytes

1, 2, and 4

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners 4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support

1,2 and 3

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals. Use the following description to answer the question(s) below. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals. 2 and 3 1 only 2 only 3 only

2 and 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. a vascular system flowers a sporophyte phase seeds a life cycle that involves alternation of generations

Flowers

(part A) also look over number 11

Gymnosperms (literally "naked seeds") are vascular plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary. Like other land plants, gymnosperms have a life cycle called alternation of generations. The four main groups of gymnosperms are cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers. Cycads have palmlike leaves. Ginkgos, represented by one surviving species, have deciduous, fanlike leaves. Gnetophytes include a variety of plants in three genera. Conifers, including redwoods, pines, and cypresses, have needle-like or scaly leaves and produce seeds in cones.

Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients? I) sporophyte dominance II) defenses against herbivory III) adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen I and II I and III I, II, and III II and III

II and III

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Nonvascular plants (informally called bryophytes) generally live very close to the ground, sprawling out rather than growing upward. This growth form is due to their thin body parts and lack of vascular structures that would support upward growth. Three phyla of bryophytes exist today: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Label the structures on this diagram of a moss. Drag the labels onto the diagram below. Not all labels will be used

In the life cycle of bryophytes, gametophytes are the dominant stage and are generally larger than sporophytes. The sporophytes of mosses are made up of a foot, a seta, and a sporangium. The foot is embedded in the gametophyte and absorbs nutrients from it. The seta, or stalk, transports the nutrients to the sporangium, which produces spores. Rhizoids, which resemble the roots of vascular plants, anchor the gametophytes to a substrate. Rhizoids are not vascular structures.

Part E Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? It functions as a triploid food reserve. It develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore. It is the remnant of the pollen tube. It functions as a diploid food reserve. It functions as a haploid food reserve.

It functions as a haploid food reserve. This gametophyte tissue is a source of nourishment for the embryo.

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? It retains its fertilized egg within its archaegonium. It undergoes alternation of generations. It produces seeds. It lacks gametangia.

It lacks gametangia.

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?

Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

What is the primary function of stems?

Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant? Megaspores or microspores Male or female gametophytes Sperm or eggs

Megaspores or microspores Review the life cycles of a pine tree and an angiosperm, respectively. In both life cycles, meiosis produces microspores (which develop into male gametophytes within pollen grains) or a megaspore (which develops into a female gametophyte or embryo sac within an ovule).

Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____. Precambrian Paleozoic Cenozoic Carboniferous Mesozoic

Mesozoic Gymnosperms were the dominant plants of the Mesozoic.

part c The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

Moisture (Moss sperm swim to archegonia)

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? megaphylls pollen lignin present in cell walls sporopollenin

POLLEN

Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes.

Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid. (Look at the basic sexual life cycle of plants and the life cycles of nonvascular and seedless vascular plants.)

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?

The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.

Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?

The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf. (Veins in leaves (vascular bundles) transport materials and provide support)

check chapter check number 24 on chapter 30

check number 24 on chapter 30

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

chloroplasts

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?

cortex ... ground tissue system (The cortex is composed of ground tissue.)

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____. diploid sporophyte haploid gametophyte haploid sporophyte diploid gametophyte triploid endosperm

diploid sporophyte The sporophyte generation is the dominant generation of vascular plants

part D The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____

diploid sporophyte (In ferns, while the gametophyte generation is independent, the diploid sporophyte is much larger.)

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?

flagellated sperm

Part G In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. haploid ... meiosis diploid ... meiosis haploid ... mitosis diploid ... mitosis triploid ... fertilization

haploid ... meiosis Diploid microsporangia form haploid microspores by meiosis

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

haploid spores

Part C In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____. In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____. immature female gametophyte immature sporophyte seed food reserve for the immature sporophyte immature male gametophyte

immature sporophyte The diploid embryo will develop into a seedling and then into a mature pine tree

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

number 1 for chapter 35 Root hairs are important to a plant because they ____

increase the surface area for absorption (Root hairs are extensions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface, which increase the absorptive surface area of the root tremendously.)

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____. inhibit herbivory decrease competition foster seed dispersal favor pollination

inhibit herbivory

Part D In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. eggs micropyle integument pollen cone megaspore

micropyle Pollen grains gain entry into the ovule via the micropyle.

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? mitosis binary fission meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis meiosis

mitosis

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

mitosis ... mitosis

Part D In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by ___

mitosis ... mitosis (In both, gametes are produced by haploid gametophytes.)

Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____. modified leaves found on flowers capable of photosynthesis female reproductive parts

modified leaves

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? anthers petals carpels ovaries stamens

petals Petals play a role in attracting pollinators.

The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____. ovules heterospory sporophylls pollen cones

pollen In bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, flagellated sperm must swim through a film of water to reach the egg cells. In seed plants, the use of airborne pollen to bring gametes together is a terrestrial adaptation.

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____. presence or absence of alternation of generations production of microspores versus megaspores presence or absence of vascular structures presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule Angiosperms have a protective covering over the ovule. Gymnosperms do not. All the other traits listed are shared by both groups.

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

produces spores

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____

putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

root hairs

At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make _____.

sporangia

Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____.

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

Which of these are spore-producing structures?

sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? sporangium sporopollenin stigma sporophyll

sporopollenin

Use the following description to answer the question(s) below. A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres?

sporopollenins

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?

the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes (Without sporopollenin, plant reproduction on land would have been much more difficult. This was one of the first problems that had to be solved in order for plants to take advantage of the habitats available on land.)

The following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents an embryo?

11

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. embryophytes 2. green plants 3. seedless vascular plants 4. ferns 5. tracheophytes

2, 1, 5, 3, 4

The following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. Which number represents a megaspore mother cell in the figure above?

3

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence 1 →? 2 → 3 2 → 1 → 3 3 → 1 → 2 3 → 2 → 1

3 → 1 → 2

The following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)?

4

Ground tissue is indicated by the letter ____

A

Primary growth has occurred in the region(s) indicated by the letter(s) _____

A

The following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents the mature gametophyte?

7

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? A) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle B) the trend toward larger gametophytes C) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle D) the trend toward smaller size

A) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Secondary growth has occurred in the region(s) indicated by the letter(s) ___

B and D

Which tissue(s) make(s) up the bark of the woody stem shown here?

Both secondary phloem and periderm (Bark includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, the most recent periderm, and all the older layers of periderm. Read about the cork cambium and the production of peridermand and the layers of bark.)

Life cycle of a gymnosperm http://d2vlcm61l7u1fs.cloudfront.net/media/ea8/ea8d44a0-af6f-4a93-a79d-f51a9c2bd410/phpZtunLu.png

Correct Gymnosperms undergo alternation of generations, alternating between the diploid sporophyte and the haploid gametophyte. In conifers, the mature sporophyte produces two types of cones, in which diploid microsporangia and megasporangia develop. A cell in microsporangia divides by meiosis to form haploid microspores. The microspores then divide by mitosis to form haploid male gametophytes (pollen grains). Inside megasporangia, a diploid mother cell divides by meiosis to form a haploid megaspore. The megaspore then divides by mitosis to form the haploid female gametophyte, which produces eggs. The pollen grains produce sperm, one of which fertilizes one of the eggs, resulting in a diploid embryo inside a seed. Once the seed germinates, it forms a diploid seedling (sporophyte) that will eventually develop into a mature diploid sporophyte.

The region surrounded by guard cells is indicated by the letter ____

D

Xylem is indicated by the letter _____.

D

part B Which of these structures is diploid?

D (A diploid sporophyte develops from a zygote that was produced when a haploid sperm fertilized a haploid egg.)

Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms. In angiosperm life cycles, the female gametophyte is the ovule. Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus. The life cycle of seed plants does not include a gametophyte generation.

Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus Review the life cycle of an angiosperm, note the ploidy of the embryo and endosperm within the seed.

Pith is indicated by the letter _____.

E

Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle?

E

part A) Which of these is a male gametophyte? Question #1 E B D A C Correct Pollen grains are male gametophytes.

E Correct Pollen grains are male gametophytes.

letter A indicates

Epidermis (The epidermis is the outmost layer of tissue.)

True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.

False (Primary growth results in increased length and occurs only at the apical meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant)

Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true?

It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem (Vascular cambium is a type of lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem in a plant.)

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?

Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.

Which of the following can be used to determine a twigs age?

Number of apical bud scar rings

Which of the following parts of a plant remains on the plant even after several years of growth?

Primary xylem (The primary xylem is located close to the pith of the plant and remains a part of the plant even after several years of growth)

Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity?

Root cap (The root cap is a layer of protective cells that determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity.)

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?

They continue to divide. (Meristem is embryonic tissue, and it retains the ability to divide.)

Why do plants need secondary growth?

To provide structural support for the plant (Structural support in the form of widening stems and roots is achieved through secondary growth.)

A fruit is most commonly a mature female gametophyte. a thickened style. a modified root. an enlarged ovule. a mature ovary.

a mature ovary.

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____.

a sporophyte (The fertilized egg will develop into a sporophyte that releases haploid spores.)

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____.

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____.

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? alternation of generations dependent gametophytes ovules integuments pollen

alternation of generations

A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers and then dies would be considered _____.

annual

Part B In moss, _____ produce sperm.

antheridia (Moss antheridia, found on the tops of male gametophytes, produce sperm)

All seed plants _____. are heterosporous exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation are nonvascular produce flowers produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte

are heterosporous All seed plants produce separate male and female spores.

Plant meristematic cells _____.

are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

Seedless plants include ____

bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails (Seedless plants include nonvascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, and vascular plants, such as lycophytes, ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.)

How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?

by the division of its cells (When a vascular cambium cell divides, one cell differentiates and the other cell remains meristematic.)

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to _____.

cell elongation localized in each internode

Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.

center ... surface (Wood, or secondary xylem, is formed toward the stem's center, and secondary phloem is formed toward the stem's surface.)

The closest algal relatives of land plants are

charophytes (These green algae and plants share many homologous features.)

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

collenchyma cells

As the epidermis is pushed outward and sloughed off, it is replaced by tissues produced by the _____.

cork cambium (The cork cambium produces the phelloderm, phellogen, and cork cells. These cells move outward to replace epidermal cells.)

Letter A indicates the

cortex

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants?

desiccation

In pine, the embryo develops within the _____. male gametophyte microsporophyll macrogametophyte female gametophyte staminate cone

female gametophyte Large ovulate cones make megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, where one fertilized egg will develop into an embryo.

In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ . ovulate cones female sporophytes female gametophytes male gametophytes pollen grains

female gametophytes Even though the gametophyte stage of alternation of generations is minimized in gymnosperms and angiosperms, spores still give rise to gametophytes.

During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.

ferns and other seedless plants (These were the dominant plant types of the time)

The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____

height ... girth (Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots through primary growth. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants through secondary growth.)

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____.

indeterminate

What is the function of cork?

insulation and waterproofing (Cork insulates and waterproofs roots and stems.)

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____

is surrounded by a cuticle

Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____.

leaves

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the forest floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves?

light

Part F Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s). Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s). two one four three integuments

one

Stomata _____.

open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except vascular tissue. pollen. seeds. ovules. ovaries.

ovaries.

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

pericycle

Trichomes _____.

repel or trap insects

Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function?

sclerenchyma - supporting cells with thick secondary walls

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as _____.

secondary tissues

Heartwood and sapwood consist of ____

secondary xylem

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

secondary xylem

(part e number 29)The letter A indicates _____.

secondary xylem (Secondary xylem is produced from vascular cambium.)

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____

sporophyte (The diploid sporophyte generation is dominant in vascular plants; in bryophytes the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant.)

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the _____.

stele

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

tracheid - vascular tissue

Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity?

tracheids and vessel elements