chapter 29 APUSH
Allies
France, Britain, Russia and later Japan and Italy; Americans thanked god for the ocean moats that kept them out of the war in Europe (made them feel strong and secure)
"Over There"
Frenzied spirit- of religious revival; George Cohan's "Over There"; Creel typified American war mobilization, which relied more on aroused passion and voluntary compliance than on formal laws;
U-boats
German submarines (Unterseeboot) began their deadly work, sinking 90 ships in the war zone within the first few months
Sussex
Germans were snakes and broke their promise by sinking French passenger ship the Sussex; this infuriated Wilson and he said if the Germans didn't stop be snakes he would go to war; Germans reluctantly agreed to Wilson's Sussex ultimatum, saying that they wouldn't sink passenger ships without giving warning; Germans attached a long string to their Sussex pledge though saying that U.S would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Berlin regarded as their illegal blockade; Washington didn't want to do this though and accepted the pledge without the "string"
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary and later Turkey and Bulgaria
Irreconcilables
Isolationists raised a whirlwind of protest against treaty; opposition was composed of a dozen or so militants led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of CA known as the irreconcilables; wanted no part of any "entangling alliance" pointed out words from Wash and T.Jeff
War industries board
March 1918 Wilson appointed Bernard Barch to head the war industries board only feeble formal powers and was disbanded just days after armistice set a president for the federal government to take central role in economic planning in moment of crisis
General Victoriano Huerta
Mexicans revolted but their revolution took an ugly turn when a conscienceless clique (with support from Taft's ambassador to Mexico) murdered the popular new revolutionary pres. and installed General Victoriano Huerta in the pres.'s place
Wilsons loyal democrats and ratification process
November 19, 1919- loyal Democrats in the Senate did Wilson's bidding, helping to reject to treaty March 19, 1920- the treaty netted a simple majority but failed to get the necessary two thirds majority
The AF of L
Samuel Gompers and his american federation of labor (AF of L) loyally supported the war and were rewarded at the end the AF of L doubled its membership (3 Million) most heavily unionized sectors coal mining manufacturing transportation wages risen 20%
The U.S. role in Mexico
Seize the Mexican port- Wilson determined to eliminate Huerta, asked Congress for authority to use force against Mexico; before Congress could act, Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz to thwart the arrival of a German steamer carrying Huerta bound guns and ammunition ABC Powers- just as a full out shooting conflict seemed inevitable, Wilson was rescued by an offer of mediation from the ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile); Huerta collapsed and was succeeded by his archrival, Venustiano Carranza, who resented Wilson's military meddling Tampico Incident- did not augur well for the future of the U.S-Mexican relations Villa and his followers- punished gringos; they hoped to provoke a war between Wilson and Carranza, so they blazed across the border in Columbus, New Mexico and murdered another 19 Americans John. J. Pershing- ordered to break up bandit band; penetrated deep in Mexico with surprising speed and clashed with Carranza's forces; also mauled the Villistas but missed capturing Villa himself; the threat of war with Germany loomed larger and the invading army was withdrawn in January
"Return to normalcy"
Senator Warren G harding Ohio republican pres nominee. Harding was swept into power with his promise of a "return to normalcy" voters willing to accept a second rate president got a third rate death sentence for league of nations.
Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court affirmed their legality (Sedition/Espionage acts) arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation
Wilson's reelection in 1916
"He Kept Us Out of War"- Wilson built his next campaign on this slogan; used first term to identify himself as the candidate of progressivism 53. Flocked to the polls- Hughes won the east but the rest of the country turned the tide; final result depended on CA for a while; Wilson barely won receiving support from the working class and from renegade bull moosers
The election of 1912 results
"man on the make"- Democrats shunned social welfare proposals and pinned their economic faith on competition (the "man on the make" as Wilson put it) Won handily- Wilson won with 41% of the popular vote; T.R finished second and Taft got there. Socialist candidate- impressive tally for both progressive candidates must be added some support for the Socialist candidate, Eugene V. Debs, who got 6% of the total votes
Seventh amendment
1913 established the direct election of U.S. senators
Nineteenth amendment
1920 suffrage for all women
Sheppard Towner Maternity act
1921 providing federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care. Expanded responsibilities of federal government for family welfare.
Liberty loans
The Third Liberty Loan Act was a liberty bond sold during World War I that helped cover the war expenses of the United States. In effect, the bonds were loans from citizens to the US Government which would be repaid with interest in the future
"to make the world safe for democracy"
Ambitious goal- Wilson had to find a way to make U.S want to fight in the war; he declared an ambitious goal of a crusade "to make the world safe for democracy"; Wilson hypnotized nation with ideals; wanted a world where democracy could flourish
Meuse-Argonne offensive
Americans demanded and got a separate army under own commander General John J. Pershing; he was assigned a front of 85 miles stretching northwestward from the Swiss border to meet the French lines; part of the last Allied assault, Pershing's army undertook the Meuse-Argonne offensive; lasted 47 days, heavy fighting in the rugged Argonne Forest
The triple alliance
Triple Alliance, secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I.
The triple entente
Triple Entente, association between Great Britain, France, and Russia, the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I
Food administration
US feed itself and its allies Hoover relying on voluntary complicacy rejected ration cards propaganda campaign posters/billboards/newspapers/pulpits/movies. Save food wheatless wednesdays "patriotic to the core" it worked
Sixteenth Amendment
Underwood Tariff reduced import fees; also, a landmark in tax legislation; under authority granted by the recently ratified Sixteenth Amendment, Congress enacted a graduated income tax, beginning with a modest levy on incomes over $3,000
the triple wall of privilege
Wilson called for an all-out assault on what he called "the triple wall of privilege" (the tariff, the banks, and the trusts); tackled the tariff first, boldly appearing before a joint session of Congress and presenting his appeal with stunning clarity and force
Federal Reserve Act
Wilson endorsed democratic proposals for decentralized bank in gov. hands; Wilson signed this act, most important piece of economic legislation between Civil War and the New Deal
League of Nations
Wilson envisioned this as containing an assembly with seats for all nations and a council to be controlled by the great powers; fellow treaty makers agreed to make the League Covenant an integral part of the final peace treaty
"peace without victory"
Wilson made futile attempt to mediate; made a moving address restating U. S's commitment to neutral rights and declaring that only a negotiated "peace without victory" would prove durable
The solemn referendum
Wilson settele treaty in Presidential campaign 1920 by appealing to the people for a solemn referendum. This was sheer folly for a true mandiate on league in the noisy arena of politics was clearly impossible
Arabic
after another British liner (The Arabic) was sunk (loss of 2 U.S lives) Berlin agreed not to sink unarmed and unresisting passenger ships without warning
Chateau-Thierry
at the last second the Americans came to the Allies aid; Germans threatened to knock out France and new U.S troops were thrown into the breach at Chateau-Thierry right into the thick of the German advance; was first significant engagement of American troops in a European war
New Nationalism
both T.R and Wilson favored a more active government role in economic and social affair, but they disagreed over specific strategies; T.R preached theories put out by progressive thinker Herbert Croly in his book The Promise of American Life; T.R favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington; T.R and "bull moosers" campaigned for women's suffrage and a broad program of social welfare, including minimum wage laws and publicly supported health care
Second Battle of the Marne
by July the German drive had spent its force and the AEF joined a Foch counteroffensive in the Second Battle of the Marne; marked the beginning of Fiainal force german retreat
Eighteenth amendment
congress restricted alcohol accelerate prohibition because most breweries were German descendents no saloons in US in 1919
American Expeditionary Forces
conscription was the only answer to the need for raising an immense force with speed; Congress grudgingly passed conscription to supply the manpower for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe AEF
American problems with treaty
didn't like "entangling alliance" Rabid Hun-haters thought it was not harsh enough. German/Italian americans "hyphenated americans" thought it did not favor their native lands. CHECK
Federal Trade Commission Act
empowered a presidentially appointed commission to turn a search light on industries engaged in interstate commerce (ex. meatpackers); focused on trusts; crush monopoly by rooting out unfair trade practices, including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery
Wilson's New Freedom
favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and free functioning of unregulated and un-monopolized markets; New Freedom pushed for banking reform and tariff reductions; its keynote wasn't regulation by fragmentation of the big industrial combines, by means of vigorous enforcement of the antitrust laws
Treaty of Versailles flaws
half-loaf solution- Wilson first put energy towards preventing any vengeful parceling out of the former colonies and protectorates of the vanquished powers; Wilson tried to force through a compromise between naked imperialism and idealism; the victors wouldn't take possession of the conquered territory but would receive it as trustees of the League of Nations; solution was a little more than the old pre war colonialism; anti colonial independence movements would wield the Wilsonian ideal of self determination against their imperial occupiers Saar Valley- Clemenceau pressed French demands for the German inhabited Rhineland and the Saar Valley (coal area); France settled for compromise where the Saar basin would remain under League of Nations for 15 yrs and then a popular vote would determine its fate China's Shandong- Japan had seized China's Shandong and the German islands during the war; Japan got islands under a League of nations mandate; Wilson opposed Japanese control of Shandong as a violation of self determination for Chinese residents; Wilson accepted compromise where Japan kept Germany's economic holdings on China's Shandong peninsula and pledged to return it to China later; Chinese were outraged
Committee on Public Information
headed by George Creel; mobilizing people's minds for war; Creel's job was to sell America on the war and sell the world on Wilsonian war aims "four-minute men"- Creel's organization, employing many workers at home and overseas proved that words were indeed weapons; it sent an army of 75,000 "four-minute men" who delivered countless speeches containing much "patriotic pep"; Creel's propaganda ex. The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin and To Hell with the Kaiser
America's reasons for entry into WWI
heir decision- Germany responded with their decision to wage unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking all ships, including U. S's, in war zone To its knees- Germany brought back "string" from Sussex pledge hoping to bring GB to its knees before U.S entered the war "overt" acts- Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany in response but refused to go to war unless Germans undertook "overt" acts against U.S lives; Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm U.S merchant ships to defend themselves; senators who protested were called "little group of willful men" who were "rendering a great nation helpless and contemptible" by Wilson
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
lengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable, including price discrimination, and interlocking directorates; exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution while legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing
America's contributions to WWI
main contributions had been food munitions credits oil for the first mechanized war and man power. But not battlefield victory.
Senator Lodge
majority still seemed favorable to treaty (Wilson League); Senator Lodge had no real hope of defeating the Treaty of Versailles; strategy was to amend it in such a way as to "Americanize", "Republicanize" or "senatorialize" it; Lodge effectively used delay to muddle and divide public opinion Senator Lodge, after failing to amend the treaty outright, came up with fourteen formal reservations to it- a sardonic slap at Wilson's Fourteen Points; safeguards reserved the rights of the U.S under the Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution and sought to protect American sovereignty
St. Mihiel salient
nine American divisions joined four French divisions to push the Germans from the St. Mihiel salient, a German dagger in France's flanks
Fourteen Points
primary purpose was to keep reeling Russia in the war, also inspired Allies to make greater efforts and demoralized the enemy gov.s by holding out alluring promises to their dissatisfied minorities 64. First five- 1) proposal to abolish secret treaties pleased liberals of all countries 2) freedom of the seas appealed to Germans/Americans who distrusted British sea power 3) removal economic barriers among nations had long been a goal of liberal internationalists everywhere 4) reduction of armament burdens was gratifying to taxpayers in all countries 5) adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of both native peoples and the colonizers was reassuring to the anti-imperialists (this point was revolutionary) other points held out the hope of independence to oppressed minority groups laying under Germany and Austria-Hungary Capstone point- number 14 foreshadowed the League of Nations and international organization that Wilson hoped would provide a system of collective security
Underwood Tariff
reduced import fees; also, a landmark in tax legislation
Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918
reflected current fears of Germans; especially visible among the prosecutions pursued under these laws were antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World; Eugene Debs was tried under the Espionage Act and sentenced to 10 yrs
Lusitania
submarine issue became more prominent when British Lusitania was sunk off the coast of Ireland with the loss of 1,198 including 128 Americans; Americans shocked at act of "mass murder" and "piracy"
Who defeated the treaty?
the Lodge-Wilson personal feud, traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment and partisanship all contributed; but Wilson himself must bear a substantial share of the responsibility, he asked for all or nothing and got nothing
Russia's collapse
underscored the need for haste; communistic Bolsheviks seized power and withdrew their beaten country from the "capitalistic" war early in 1918; this sudden defection released hundreds of thousands of battle tested Germans from the eastern front facing Russia and to the western front in France, where for the first time in the war they were developing a dangerous superiority in manpower
Zimmermann Note
was intercepted and published (infuriated Americans) especially westerners; German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance, tempting them with promise of recovering Texas, New Mexico, Arizona; German U-boats sunk 4 U.S ships ("overt" acts in Atlantic); rev. in Russia put them out of the war; U.S could now fight without Russian despotism
the Big Four
when it came to negotiating the shape of the postwar world at the Paris Conference, Allies formed an inner clique, with Wilson representing richest and freshest great power, more or less in charge; he was joined by Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, and most cynical Premier Georges Clemenceau of France (aka "the Tiger")
Moral diplomacy
wilson wanted to steer a moral course in Mexico send ambassador packing imposed an arms embargo and refused to recognize officially the murderous gov of Huerta US sailors arrested by mexico released them refused to give 21 arm salute. Wilson determined to take out Huerta.
