Chapter 3-4 APUSH

King Philip's War

1675) A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion

Bacon's rebellion

1676) Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, consisting of other poor backcountry farmers, former indentured servants and frontiersmen, young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city, driving Berkeley out of town. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. Ended the use for indentured servants and started slavery.

Dominion of New England

1686) The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province (super colony) headed by Sir Edmund Andros (super governor). Imposed by London to enforce English Navigation Laws. Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia appointed by King Charles I, he was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. Exempted himself and his councilors from taxation and restricted the vote to only property owners.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, it allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company (business where investors pool their wealth in order to turn a profit); based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies, confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights, 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

Act of Toleration

A law passed in Maryland allowing religious freedom for any Christian group that believed in the divinity of Jesus

Proprietary Charters

A person who was granted to colonize the area because of a direct relationship with the king.

Casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

Congregationalism

Church system set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wherein each local church served as the center of its own community.

Spanish's goals of exploration

Conquest, extract wealth, spread Christianity

Spanish's relations with Native Americans

Encomienda, hacienda, and caste systems:

Describe the development of political thought in the British North American colonies? How did this evolve into an American Identity?

Enlightenment from Europe influenced colonial thinking. Natural rights and the social contract theory exposed the tyrannical monarchy and the lack of representation in parliament. The enlightenment also affected religion though reviving religion. New notions of rejecting religious and political authority hit hard for the colonists.

competition for colonies

European powers compete for colonies. Each country has different motives for colonization and settles in different landscapes and climates. This leads to various settlements

Great Awakening

It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

French Missionaries

Jesuit Missionaries

Anne Hutchinson

began talking about the bible and interpreting it and got in trouble; they put her on trial and then kicked her out of the Massachusetts Bay colony. She then says that god talked to her and then goes to new york and then moves to new york and then gets killed by native Americans, and then the puritans celebrated her death. They make a school named Harvard to make the men smarter. was kicked from the Massachusetts bay colony aka puritans

Puritans

believed the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic ideas and sought to purify the Church of England; the Puritans believed in predestination (man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to His goodness as interpreted by the church. The Puritans were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups.

French's goals of explorations

extract wealth, trade, spread Christianity

Royal Charter

given by king or queen that allowed the conquest of the New World granting "liberty of Conscience" to all Protestants—but not Catholics. Baptists, Anglicans, and others were now free to build their own churches and worship as they wished.

Middle Colonies' system of government

proprietary charters

New England Colony's economic activity (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony):

subsistence farming, farming, fishing, timber, shipbuilding

House of burgesses

the first elected general assembly paving the way for the democratic government in the colonies

Enclosure Movement

this was in the 1600s when English farmers accelerated the process of fencing off, or enclosing, common lands into individual holdings, largely for the benefit of the already wealthy landholders

Caribbean/Carolinas Colony's economic activities include

tobacco, sugarcane, rice, indigo.

Dutch's goals of explorations

trade anything

Dutch's relations with Native Americans

very few interactions

Middle Colonies' economic activities

wheat, barley, corn

Lord Calvert

Founder of the Maryland colony

English's relations with the Native Americans

Friendly at first, but became hostile toward Natives in order to capture land.

Middle Colonies' religious and social makeup

Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers and was religiously tolerant, with a diverse society and African slaves:

Explain the transition from indentured servitude to African-based chattel slavery:

Profitability of cash crops created a growing demand for labor. Indentured service was inefficient because of the structure of colonial society and that the slave trade from Africa to the Caribbean was cheap and convenient.

Caribbean/Carolinas Colony's system of government include

Proprietary charters

New England Colony's religious and social makeup (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony):

Puritan, congregationalist, family-oriented. The PURITANS formed the Massachusetts bay colony and the PILGRIMS formed the Plymouth colony

William Penn

Quaker founder of the Pennsylvania colony

Relations in New England

Relations between the Puritans and the local Wampanoag Indians in the early 1600's were friendly. Chief Massasoit signed a peace treaty with the Pilgrims in 1621 which led to the first Thanksgiving celebration and exchanges of food. However, English expansion and their settlements led Massasoit's son, Metacom, also called King Philip by the English, to forge an Indian alliance to counter this white encroachment upon native lands. King Philip's War (1675-1677) would devastate both the New England frontier and Indian-European relations. The Native Americans lost this war with many casualties. Numerous New England towns were destroyed. King Philip was beheaded while his wife and son were sold as slaves. This was the last Indian threat to New England colonists. The Connecticut Valley also witnessed confrontation between English settlers and the local Pequot Indians. The English and their Narragansett Indian allies torched Pequot villages and decimated the Pequot population.

Chesapeake colony's system of government (Virginia):

Royal charter, house of burgesses

Dutch's economic activities

Shipping, fur, finance, banking

Hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

George Whitefield

Succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening. One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.

Triangular Trade: System of trade between the New World, Europe, and Africa in which resources and rum were traded for manufactured goods and slaves. Main Events

System of trade between the New World, Europe, and Africa in which resources and rum were traded for manufactured goods and slaves.

Slave Laws

The Barbados Code was a major law passed in 1661 in Barbados which meant that black slaves were chattel (property) and had no basic rights that they would have been entitled to under normal English common law. This law protected the white slave owners and allowed them to kill slaves without any legal consequences. Men from Barbados would move into the American colonies and bring these codes with them. Other codes were consistent throughout the American colonies. Slaves could not travel without a written slip from their master. They were forbidden to gather in large numbers, except in the company of whites. These laws also did not allow blacks to marry, read, or serve on juries

Slavery in the Southern Colonies

The large agricultural plantations of the South and their single cash crop economies led to a high demand for slaves. Tobacco in the Chesapeake and rice and indigo in the South were all labor intensive crops. Cotton would become the major crop in the Deep South only after the invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793. Tobacco, a crop that exhausted the soil and caused farmers to expand westward for more land, was harvested in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. Rice plantations and indigo were harvested in South Carolina and Georgia. Initially, James Oglethorpe and his followers in Georgia banned slavery, but other southerners moved into the "peach state" and brought slaves with them as Georgia legalized slavery in 1750.

Slavery in the Northern Colonies

The northern colonies of New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey had legalized slavery in the 17th and 18th centuries but their smaller farms and limited soil would make the demand for slaves less than the southern colonies. All northern colonies would free most of their slaves legally by the early 19th century. New England's slave population was only about 3% but this number drastically increased to 25% in port cities such as Boston. Philadelphia and New York also had a significant number of slaves. Most northern slaves were domestic servants, dockworkers, sailors, and craft workers. Some would be hired out by their owners and were declared property. In the decades before the Civil War, many slaves were freed. However, after the 1793 invention of the cotton gin, cotton and other southern products were linked to northern banking and shipping. These important economic sectors of the North had a vested interest in the agricultural production by slaves of the South.

City on a Hill

The puritans say they should be treated "as a city upon a hill," referring to being treated like a god because of the new view of purifying Christianity.

Jonathan Edwards

This theologian was an American revivalist of the Great Awakening. He was both deeply pious and passionately devoted to intellectual pursuits. His most popular sermon titled, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," appealed to thousands of re-awakened Christians.

Chesapeake colony's economic activity (Virginia):

Tobacco plantations

French's economic activities

Trading of furs and fishes

Chesapeake colony's religious and social makeup (Virginia):

Wealthy planters, indentured servants, African slaves, Anglicans, Catholics

Relations in the Southern Colonies

When the English settled Jamestown in 1607 in Virginia, they met Chief Powhatan and the numerous local tribes that were part of Powhatan's Confederacy. As with many initial Native American-European encounters, relations began amicably but soured quickly. Food was scarce in the Chesapeake and colonists began raiding Powhatan food supplies. A series of wars broke out between the Anglos and Powhatans from 1610-1646. The Governor of Virginia, Lord De La Warr (yes, Delaware got its name from this English noble) imposed harsh tactics against the Powhatans. His soldiers torched cornfields and Powhatan houses while systematically eliminating the Powhatans. Disease and the English desire to wipe out these Indians from Virginia caused the extinction of the Powhatans. Also, the fact that these natives could not be used as laborers in the tobacco fields made them disposable. As a result, the peace treaty of 1646 created a distinctive white settlement in Virginia. Elsewhere, the Savannah Indians of the coastal Carolinas were crushed by white settlers by 1710. The Tuscaroras of Newbern, North Carolina were also defeated by white settlers by 1711, with many being sold as slaves. Those remaining would become part of the Iroquois Confederacy. The Cherokee and Creeks would remain in the interior for another fifty years.

John Rolfe

Agriculturalist who develops a cash crop of tobacco in Jamestown helping create a profitable colony, makes pennsylvania colony

Navigation Acts of 1663

All goods made from the colonies had to go through England first so that the goods could be regulated and taxed

John Smith

An English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Holy Experiment/ William Penn

An attempt by Quakers to show the world how they could flourish when not being persecuted, they did so in Pennsylvania, after William Penn's father, experiment fails by Am. Rev. due to falling out between Quakers. Son of Admiral Penn, is granted the lands of Pennsylvania and establishes a liberal gov. in attempt to attract all peoples to his colonies, advocates equality among all, including Indians.

Caribbean/Carolinas Colony's religious and social makeup

Anglicans, landed upper class, and African slaves.

Slaves Response to Slavery

Black slaves did resist the institution of slavery by murdering their owners, destroying machinery and other property, escaping, and committing suicide. Some escapees formed maroon groups in swamps or in the mountains and would menace plantations for food and other products. Rebellions were not frequent, but they did happen. As part of the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739, slaves seized arms, burnt houses, and killed 25 whites. Most of the slave revolts occurred in areas where there were a large number of slaves, such as the American South. More violent revolts happened in Jamaica, Haiti, and the Caribbean because African slaves outnumbered whites in many communities. The result of most revolts were the mass executions of black slaves. Black slaves who were born in the colonies were more prone to adopt parts of white culture than those who were brought by ship from Africa. Blacks born in the colonies developed an African-American culture that emphasized religion, distinct foodways, music, dance, and the importance of family. The Baptist Church became a staple of many slave communities as part of the Great Awakening religious revival starting in 1740.

Which of the following developments occurred during the early to mid-18th Century in response to increased political and economic influence from Parliament? a.Emerging sense of an independent, national identity b.Decline in smuggling and other efforts to undermine British rule c.Complete self-reliance on colonial manufactures d.A break in the colonies from English religious tradition

Explanations: a.Correct: American colonists still considered themselves English, even through the early days of the revolution. However, due to the policy of salutary neglect and even the Great Awakening, colonists began to see themselves as self-sufficient and different from their fellow Englishmen. This would be exacerbated by increased Parliamentary and military control following the French & Indian War. b.Incorrect: Smuggling activity saw an increase throughout the 18th Century as regulatory laws were enacted but relatively unenforced. c.Incorrect: Efforts to stem the need for British manufactures did occur later in the 18th Century but the mercantilist relationship between European states and their colonies maintained a degree of mutual reliance between the two. d.Incorrect: Protestant Christian tradition did not wane in the colonies. While Anglicanism did see a decline during and after the Great Awakening, it was not attributable to increased political and economic influence from Parliament.

The goals described in the excerpts led to all of the following developments except a.Religious freedom in all English colonies b.Investment in joint stock companies c.Conflict with Native Americans in North America d.English involvement in the Transatlantic slave trade

Explanations: a.Correct: During the 17th Century, the New England colonies maintained strict rules regarding religious practice. Numerous cases of heresy resulted in expulsions and the founding of new colonies nearby. b.Incorrect: Hakluyt's vision for colonization, seeing the risks and rewards, fostered the emergence of joint-stock companies and their acquiring of colonial charters. c.Incorrect: Both Hakluyt's and Winthrop's goals impacted Native Americans in a severe and negative way. Economic motives caused conflicts over land and religious motives often saw missionary work prompt conflict. d.Incorrect: African slaves were brought to all of the 13 original colonies, though in varying degrees, as slave labor was employed in agriculture, shipbuilding, manufacturing, etc.

Which of the following was a major contrast between the English North American colonies described in the excerpts and those of the French? a.The English colonies had more diverse economic interests than the French. b.The English promoted Christian missionary activity while the French did not. c.The French colonies were more densely populated than the English colonies. d.The French had more conflicts with American Indians than the English.

Explanations: a.Correct: While the different regions of the English colonies lent themselves to a variety of economic ventures, including agriculture, shipbuilding, distilling, logging, etc., New France was less diverse economically, with a primary focus on fur trading b.Incorrect: French missionaries, predominantly Catholic Jesuits, were significantly involved in efforts to convert Native Americans in present-day Canada. c.Incorrect: The English colonies experienced far more immigration from Europe than New France, where unsustainable food production and harsh winters limited the appeal. d.Incorrect: While also experiencing violent conflict, the French had generally better relations with Native Americans than the English did. There was a degree of reliance on Native Americans by the French in order to survive Canada's harsh winters, as well as the flourishing trade of furs and firearms.

In the 17th and 18th Century, the views expressed by Winthrop most directly contributed to a.Bacon's Rebellion. b.Metacom's (King Philip's) War. c.The Great Awakening. d.The American Enlightenment

Explanations: a.Incorrect: Bacon's Rebellion occurred in Virginia in 1676 as a result of unfair treatment socioeconomic inequalities among white colonists. b.Incorrect: Like most conflicts between English colonists and Native Americans, land, not religion, was at the center of Metacom's War in the late 17th Century. c.Correct: The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s was a revival of religious enthusiasm in response to the idea of rational secularism and the intellectual impact of the Enlightenment on religious thought. d.Incorrect: The Enlightenment in Europe made its way across the Atlantic rather quickly and while it did have significant effects on religious thought in the colonies, it was not itself affected by these founding religious motives.

Prior to 1754, laws like the Molasses Act were primarily intended to a.Punish colonists for disobeying Parliament and the king b.Raise taxes to enrich corrupt politicians in England c.Ensure that European markets always had access to luxury goods d. Regulate maritime trade to protect goods and revenue from foreign influence

Explanations: a.Incorrect: Between the establishment of the Dominion of New England and the increased control that followed the Seven Years' War, the colonies faced little enforcement of laws, as punishment or otherwise. b.Incorrect: Taxes were intended to cover administrative costs, which were high in the colonies considering the distance of travel back and forth for governing officials. While corruption did take place, it was not a primary goal of regulatory laws and taxes. c.Incorrect: Sugar, tobacco, alcohol, and other commodities originating in the colonies were considered luxury goods but a decline in their availability was not a significant concern. d.Correct: The Navigation Acts of the late 17th and early 18th Centuries were a series of mercantilist economic regulations intended to maintain all trade and revenue within the British Empire.

There shall be raised, levied, collected and paid, unto and for the use of his Majesty . . ., upon all rum or spirits of the produce or manufacture of any of the colonies or plantations in America, not in the possession or under the dominion of his Majesty . . ., which at any time or times within or during the continuance of this act, shall be imported or brought into any of the colonies or plantations in America, which now are or hereafter may be in the possession or under the dominion of his Majesty . . ., the sum of nine pence*, money of Great Britain, . . . for every gallon** thereof, and after that rate for any greater or lesser quantity: and upon all molasses or syrups of such foreign produce or manufacture as aforesaid, which shall be imported or brought into any of the said colonies or plantations . . ., the sum of six pence* of like money for every gallon thereof . . . *British bronze coin equal to one hundredth of a pound *large European sailing ship used for war and commerce Molasses Act, law passed by the British Parliament in 1733 Which of the following best describes the impact of Parliamentary legislation on colonial economies during the 17th and early 18th Centuries? a.Colonial charters mandated which goods and crops were to be produced b.Colonial economies developed relatively unrestrained as laws were often unenforced c.Colonial manufacturing surpassed that of England d.Colonial governments turned primarily to France and Spain for trade

Explanations: a.Incorrect: Colonial charters focused on governance and land claims. b.Correct: The unofficial policy of salutary neglect during the first half of the 18th Century allowed the colonial economies to flourish. c.Incorrect: The mercantilist economy that drove colonialism during this time maintained manufacturing as a predominantly European venture, while the colonies provided raw materials, unrefined goods and food stuffs to the mother country. d.Incorrect: While smugglers did engage in trade with England's rivals in order to fetch better prices, circumventing English regulations was not an official policy in the colonies until boycotting occurred after the French & Indian War

Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in immigration in the early 19th century? a.Increased importation of African slaves b.A successful movement to provide racial equality c.An increase in sectional tensions d.A decline in tobacco and cotton production

Explanations: a.Incorrect: Due to the natural growth of the African American population in the colonies and early United States by the 18th Century, slave importation was on the decline and eventually abolished in 1808 b.Incorrect: Racial equality would be a significant issue, from the days of the abolitionist movement prior to the Civil War all the way up to today, with the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s. However, success is difficult to gauge and equality was certainly not achieved in the early 1800s as slavery was flourishing throughout much of the US. c.Correct: Disputes between slave states and free states, generally the North and South, saw an increase as new territories were added to the country and debates raged over whether to slavery should expand westward. d.Incorrect: Tobacco production was surpassed by that of cotton in the late 18th Century. Cotton would continue to drive the American economy throughout the early to mid-19th Century.

The trend shown in the graph significantly contributed to all of the following except a.Colonial expansion westward to the Appalachian Mountains and beyond b.An eventual decline in immigration to the colonies due to lack of available land c.Encroachment on Native American land and increased conflict d.Increased economic output of the colonies, especially of cash crops

Explanations: a.Incorrect: England doubled its territorial claim in North America as a result of its victory in the French and Indian War, justifying continued westward expansion for many colonists. b.Correct: Even up until the day the 13 original colonies declared their independence and eventually defeated the British in the Revolutionary War, migration to most of the colonies was ever-growing, as was the availability of land as movement westward increased. c.Incorrect: Growing colonial populations and their claiming of Native American land prompted outbreaks of conflict, including Metacom's War, Pontiac's Rebellion, and many more. d.Incorrect: Population growth and economic output were significantly correlated as an increase in the labor force, free and coerced, prompted greater production and a growing economy was a significant pull factor for European migrants.

8. If any such who are known to be godly, and live in wealth and prosperity here*, shall forsake all this to join themselves to this church, and to run a hazard with them of a hard and mean condition, it will be an example to great use both for removing scandal of worldly and sinister respects which is cast upon the adventurers, to give more life to the faith of God's people in their prayers for the plantation*, and to encourage others to join the more willingly in it. *England *new colony in North America John Winthrop, English colonial governor, 1629 The second excerpt most significantly influenced migration to which of the following regions? a.Chesapeake b.New England c.Caribbean Islands d.The Middle Colonies

Explanations: a.Incorrect: The Chesapeake region was settled with the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and was largely focused on cash crop (tobacco) production. b.Correct: John Winthrop was a founder and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston), founded in 1630, and his leadership in the Puritan Church significantly influenced the settlement of the New England region. c.Incorrect: Like the Chesapeake region, the English colonies in the Caribbean were largely sugar cane plantations, thus primarily focused on economic gain. d.Incorrect: Aside from Pennsylvania, founded as a haven of religious tolerance by Quaker William Penn, the Middle Colonies housed significant ports and financial centers following their acquisition by England from the Dutch.

(Picture of population growth from 1660-1780 Which of the following was the most significant cause for the trend shown in the graph? a.Economic and political difficulties in West African states b.Land and economic assistance provided by Parliament c.An increase in indentured servitude in the early 18th Century d.Economic reliance by many English colonies on cash crops

Explanations: a.Incorrect: While the Transatlantic slave trade did damage the economic and political stability of West African states, these changes did not directly or significantly contribute to an increase in the African American population in the British colonies. b.Incorrect: Land and new economic opportunities were plentiful in the British colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries. However, most of the opportunities were not directly provided by Parliament. c.Incorrect: By the mid-17th Century, indentured servitude as a means for gaining passage to the colonies was on the decline while the importation of slaves, as well as the natural population of African Americans, was on the rise. d.Correct: Cash crops, such as tobacco and sugar cane, relied on slave labor during the 17th and 18th Centuries. Continued importation of slaves from Africa, via the Transatlantic trade system, caused a significant increase in the economic production of the colonies and, thus, stimulated general population growth.

English's goals of explorations

Extract wealth, new territory, religious freedom, and improved living conditions

Spanish's economic activities

Extraction of sugar, tobacco, coffee, gold, silver

English's economic activities

Joint-stock companies funded colonies: Traded tobacco, timber, and furs.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. His case helped begin freedom of the press and freedom of speech

Headright System

Law passed by England to encourage settlement in the new world by offering settlers fifty acres of land for every

French's relations with Native Americans

Marry native people to secure trade networks

New England Colony's system of government (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony):

Mayflower compact, self-governance, town hall meeting

Powhatan

Native tribe living along the James River near Jamestown

Places founded by dutch

New Amsterdam AKA New York City

Relations in the Middle Colonies

The Iroquois Confederacy was one of the largest native nations on the continent. They had an organized government, were armed with European guns and trapped beaver furs and other pelts in upstate New York and Pennsylvania. They allied themselves with the British against the French and their native allies, the Huron. The Beaver Wars of the 1640's saw the Iroquois fight the French and the Hurons over beaver pelts and hunting land rights in the Ohio Valley. The Iroquois would also defeat numerous other native tribes during this time and chase them out of their lands. In Pennsylvania, Native American and European relations were much friendlier, thanks to founder William Penn. Penn and the Quakers established peaceful relations with many local tribes, even though these tribes were controlled by the Iroquois. However, the Scots-Irish and other Europeans would expand westward and create conflict with the natives. By 1740, relations soured and many tribes were decimated

Mayflower compact

The Mayflower Compact was signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620. The document established a government for the new Plymouth Colony. When the Pilgrims landed far north of their intended destination in Virginia Colony, they realized that they would be outside the jurisdiction of any established government. they needed to make an agreement or constitution with each other

Pueblo Revolt

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 occurred in the Pueblo region, which is present-day New Mexico. The Spanish came in and tried to force the people to convert to Christianity. They arrest the pueblo holy men and some of them are put to death. As revenge, Pope (a pueblo man), leads a revolt against the Spanish and kills 400 Spaniards all together and 35 priests. The Spanish are forced to leave the area. The significance is: when the Spanish arrive 13 years later, they realize they cannot force the pueblo to Christianity. For a time they lived in harmony with one another.

Salem Witch Trials

The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The trials resulted in the executions of 20 people, most of them women. 12 other women had previously been executed in Massachusetts and Connecticut during the 17th century. Despite being generally known as the Salem witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay: Salem Village (now Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich and Andover. The most infamous trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town.

Mercantilism

The belief that the wealth in the world is limited and finite and there is competition for it, and governments strictly monitored their economic economies, to protect trade and profit from rivals.

Anglican Church

The church started with Henry VIII separating from the Catholic Church, making it the official church of England. Enforced by his daughter Queen Elizabeth, who persecuted Catholics, successfully making the country religiously uniform. Also persecuted Catholics in Ireland.