Chapter 3 fill in the blank notes

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

Range of Reaction

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ____ is producing less ____ than it needs to

substantia nigra ; dopamine

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain

temporal

The ___ of a neuron contain ___ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system

terminal button ; synaptic vesicles

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will

undergo no changes in strength, speed or duration

Which of the following higher level processes is NOT a function of the cerebral cortex? a) motor function b) breathing c) touch sensation d) language

breathing

the two major divisions of the nervous system are

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes ; DNA

a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior

deopamine

selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for

depression

Phineus Gauge study shows

different brain areas are linked to particular behavior

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds ; grooves

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain

frontal

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

The myelin sheath consists of

glial cells

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as

hormones

means that the cell becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential

hyperpolarization

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic system ; emotional

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

localized ; widespread

The ___ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

midbrain

Polygenetic means that most traits are controlled by

more than one gene

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, Broca's area

The __ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

peripheral

often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system

pituitary gland

The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord.

pons

The pre-frontal cortex is responsible for:

Attention, self-control, planning, and self-awareness skilled movement

the ___ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

reticular formation

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

rise

Which of the following is NOT part of the fight or flight response? a) pupil dilation b) increased oxygen supply to the lungs c) decreased mental activity d) running away

running away

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing

sensory information

Which of the following senses is NOT routed through the thalamus? a. audition b. smell c. taste d. vision

smell

Sensory and motor neurons of the ____ nervous system are associated with actives traditionally thought of a conscious or voluntary

somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the

spinal cord

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

CT / PET

a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation

Beta-endorphin

the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals

action potential

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

The ___ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

amygdala

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition