Chapter 3 health illness Module 2

Which activities are considered tertiary health promotion/prevention? Select all that apply.

A. A nurse runs an immunization clinic in the inner city. B. A nurse teaches a patient with an amputation how to care for the residual limb C. A nurse provides range-of- motion exercises for a paralyzed patient D. A nurse teaches parents of toddlers how to childproof their homes E. A school nurse provides screening for scoliosis for the students F. A nurse teaches new parents how to choose and use an infant care seat

What is an example of a nursing activity that promotes secondary prevention as a level of preventive care?

A. Conducting a smoking cessation class B. Performing a blood pressure screening at a local mall C. Performing range-of-motion exercises on a bedridden patient D. Promoting safer sex practices in school settings

Which is an example of an acute illness?

A. Diabetes B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Pneumonia D. Osteoporosis

A nurse has volunteered to give influenza immunizations at a local clinic. What level of care is the nurse demonstrating?

A. Tertiary B. Secondary C. Primary D. Promotive

Why are health promotion and illness prevention a key responsibility of nurses?

Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world. Because chronic illnesses are the leading health problems in the world, health promotion and illness prevention activities are vital to nursing care. By endorsing health promotion and illness prevention, the nurse can assist the client to achieve optimal health even with a chronic illness. It is true that treating chronic illnesses can be expensive, they do cause pain and suffering, and people do not like to be sick, but these are not the most important reasons for promoting health and preventing illnesses.

MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Health promotion and disease prevention programs typically draw from one or more theories or models.

The nurse's community outreach class is giving a presentation on seat belts and child safety seats at the local firehouse every weekend in October. Which level of health promotion is this an example of?

Primary Primary health promotion and illness prevention is directed toward promoting good health and preventing the development of disease process or injury. Primary-level activities include immunization clinics, providing poison-control information, and education about seat belt and child-safety seat use. Secondary-level activities include screening programs and early identification of disease. Tertiary-level prevention is concerned with returning the client to the optimal function after diagnosis. Medical is not a level of health promotion or illness prevention.

HEALTH PROMOTION AND ILLNESS PREVENTION

Primary: promoting health Examples are immunization clinics- family planning services- accident-prevention education. Secondary: screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found

Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors?

The Agent-Host-Environment Model The Agent-Host-Environment Model is useful for examining the cause of disease in an individual. The agent, host, and environment interact in ways that create risk factors. The Health-Illness Continuum is a way to measure a person's level of health. The High-Level Wellness Model is characterized by functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and purposeful direction in the environment. The Health Belief Model is used to describe health behaviors.

Health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Wellness

an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health

A community health nurse arranges for a dentist to teach local children in the school district how to properly brush their teeth. Which goal will the nurse set for this event?

health promotion The education on lifestyle choices is part of health promotion activity, which focuses on protecting the person's health. Brushing one's teeth is a lifestyle choice. The goal of the prevention of illness is to detect and prevent the illness. High-level wellness focuses on maximizing the person's highest potential for functioning. Reversal of self-care deficits would involve therapeutic interventions that are directed at contributing factors.

The health promotion model

is based on each person has personal experiences that affect their actions.

acute illness

rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time- appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, common cold

Illness

the unique response of a person to a disease; an abnormal process involving changed level of functioning

The agent-host-environment model

views the interaction between these 3 as the causes of disease in a person. Limited when used with non infectious diseases.

The health-illness continuum

ever changing state of health from high wellness to death

The health belief model

is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action if they Feel that something negative can be avoided Think that action can help Feel they can be successful with that action

The student nurse learn that illnesses are classified as either acute or chronic. Which are examples of chronic illness? Select all that apply.

A. Diabetes mellitus B. Bronchial pneumonia C. Rheumatoid arthritis D. Cystic fibrosis E. Fractured hip F. Otitis media

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH DISPARITIES

Health Disparity = type of health issue linked to social economic or environmental disadvantage Vulnerable population = racial or ethnic minorities, poverty, women, children older adults, rural and inner city resident and people with disabilities or special health care needs Racial and ethnic groups Poverty Gender; age Mental health Educational level Disabilities Sexual orientation Health insurance and access to health care

Tertiary

begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning - Examples include teaching a patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent complications -using physical therapy to prevent contractures in a patient who has had a stroke or spinal cord injury -referring a woman to a support group after removal of a breast because of cancer.

Chronic illness

broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health- slow onset- diabetes mellitus, lung disease, arthritis, lupus

FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Basic human needs- The human dimensions- Self-concept- Risk factors for illness or injury

TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY

Focus on preventive care Knowledgeable and engaged consumers Mobile health

Which are characteristics of chronic conditions? (Select all that apply.)

Have a prolonged course Require lifelong management Are rarely curable Chronic conditions typically have a slower onset and prolonged course, do not resolve spontaneously, are rarely curable, and require lifelong management. Acute conditions typically have a rapid onset and short course and resolve spontaneously or are curable.

A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is admitted to the hospital for the second time in 2 months with wheezing, dyspnea, and use of accessory muscles when breathing. Which type of situation does the nurse identify is occurring with this client?

The client is having an exacerbation of the COPD. COPD is a chronic illness that has periods when the client goes from a chronic state to an acute state such as an acute onset of symptoms. The client will experience periods of exacerbation according to certain precipitating circumstances. Remission occurs in illnesses such as cancer when the symptoms or clinical manifestations disappear. A secondary illness is caused by complications from a primary illness. Clients with a terminal illness have no hope of recovery.

The nurse is caring for a client who has recovered from injuries incurred from a motor vehicle accident where two other family members did not survive. The client informs the nurse that he or she will grieve without demonstrating ineffective coping mechanisms. Which type of health behaviors does the nurse identify the client is exhibiting?

emotional health The client is exhibiting the holistic concept of emotional health since the client is demonstrating an ability to cope with a stressor effectively. Physical health is an optimal state of physical functioning when body organs function normally. Social health is an outcome of feeling accepted and useful. Spiritual health is the feeling that one's life has a purpose and function.