Chapter 3 Nursing Research

problem solving nursing process research process

all 3 use abstract critical thinking and complex reasoning to ID new info, discover relationships & make predictions through scientific method, data collection, problem ID, implementation and evaluation

research problem

an area of concerns when there is a gap in knowledge that requires a solution which can be described, explained or predicted to improve nursing practice

generalize

apply findings from a sample to a wider population

developing a question

can it be answered by research or empirical data is it research or philosophical question can it be answered by existing knowledge or basic problem solving skills

research question

flows from the problem statement and study purpose & often is interrogatory form of problem statement

developing hypotheses

formal statements regarding expected/predicted relationship btwn 2/more variables in specific population, derive from problem statement and research qt

directional

states nature and direction

systemic review

a systemic synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem

cofounding variables

aka extraneous, factors that distort/interfere w relationships btwn x and y

etiology picot

are (p) who have (i) compared to THOSE WITHOUT (c) at risk for of (o) over (t)?

grand nursing theories

are hard to generate research after as they require expert research w knowledge on theory construction and measurement concepts

types of hypotheses

associate vs causal simple vs complex nondirectional vs directional null vs research

research process

broad focus drawing on knowledge from nursing and other disciplines iot generate new knowledge w wide application for positive health outcomes

How do you ID research problems

clinical experience professional literature previous research nursing theories national initiatives

purpose statement

derived from problem statement and indicates the aim of the study

problem statements

derived from research problem, formally IDs problem being addressed in the study, it includes; scope of research problem specific population of interest independent/dependent variable goal/qt study intends to answer

case studies

description of a single or novel event

professional literature

discussion of this can lead to further inquiry

clinical experience

discussions w others clinical curiosity desire to improve pt care

middle range nursing theories

have a narrower scope and provide a bridge from grand theories to a testable theory w a limited number of variables

previous research

helps understand current knowledge and reveals gaps case studies pilots replication generalization systemic reviews

meaning picot

how do (p) with (i) PERCEIVE (o) during (t)?

diagnosis picot

in (p) are/is (i) COMPARED WITH (c) MORE ACCURATE IN DIAGNOSING (o)?

intervention picot

in (p) how does (i) compared to (c) AFFECT (o) within (t)?

prognosis/prediction picot

in (p) what is the EFFECT of (i) compared to (c) on (o) within (t)?

causal

independent variable causes/determines the other variable

mediators/moderators

intervening variables that affect the association btwn independent/dependent variables

Types of PICOT questions

intervention prognosis/prediction diagnosis etiology meaning

ethical

nurses must be certain research qt can be answered while respecting human rights, and considering pt preferences

complex

predicts the relationship

Qualities necessary of a nursing research problems

problems need to be clinically relevant and be answered through empirical testing

replication

repeat studies looking for same results

how does research differ from EBP

research AIMs to generate NEW knowledge and EBP aims to make decisions about patient care based on best current evidence EBP uses evidence from research

pilot

small study to test new intervention w small number of subjects before testing lgr samples

problem solving

specific goal in specific setting to achieve that goal

nursing process

specific pt care problem using ADPIE where the outcome results in improvement in health

nondirectional

states relationship but can't predict direction/nature

research

states relationship exists and empirircal testing takes place

null

states that there's no relationship where statistical testing is used to accept/reject statement

simple

states/describes x/y relationships

associative

when one variable changes so does the other because of x, y changes