Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth

Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale?

-It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation. -It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment.

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

-cell division -creation of the fertilized egg -attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

-embryonic -germinal -fetal

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?

-support systems for cells begin to form -organs begin to appear

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at

1 and 5 minutes after birth.

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the__________ period.

Fetal

Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke?

It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring.

All of the following are physical adjustments that occur during the postpartum period, EXCEPT

a steep rise in dopamine production.

Research reviews have concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy

alters brain functioning in the fetus.

The ______ is like a bag or envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

amnion

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ______ used to relieve pain during labor.

analgesics

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the

blastocyst

Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is

complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

comprehensive educational services nutritional services social services

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, what occurs?

conception

Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?

critical period

Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following?

decision making stress levels marital conflict

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

drank alcohol

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the

ectoderm.

The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early ______ period, when organs are being formed

embryonic

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?

embryonic

The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems.

endoderm

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Choose every correct answer.)

facial deformities heart problems learning problems

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

false

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.

fertilization; birth

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the

first trimester.

Which of the following substances was most likely used by a mother whose newborn exhibits withdrawal symptoms like tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control?

heroin

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?

impaired motor development cognitive deficits impaired language development

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

Which of the following are risk factors for postpartum depression?

low self-esteem history of depression low level of social support

Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children.

lower intelligence

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

marijuana alcohol caffeine nicotine

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid

mitosis.

One type of________________ childbirth is the Bradley Method, which involves husbands as coaches, relaxation for easier birth, and prenatal nutrition and exercise.

natural

According to the U.S. surgeon general,

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

The female egg is known as the

ovum

The umbilical cord connects the baby to the ________ , a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

placenta

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as

prepared childbirth.

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

screening for manageable conditions testing for treatable diseases a defined schedule of visits for medial care

Which term best describes infants whose birth weight is below normal, compared to what would be expected given their gestational age?

small for date

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

synthetic estrogen antibiotics some antidepressants acne medications

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n)_________________ to the unborn fetus.

teratogen

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

the causes of birth defects.

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

the dosage genetic susceptibility time of exposure

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth.

third

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called

trimesters

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

true

True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.

true

true or false: Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants.

true.

The fertilized egg is called the

zygote