chapter 3 reading quiz

Which two statements are supported by the graph?

- Cambodia and Guatemala have similar fertility rates but differ in their secondary school enrollment rates. - Increasing female secondary school enrollment is strongly associated with reduced fertility rates.

The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked at 2.1% in the ________ and has been declining ever since.

1960s

A population that is NOT growing will have a TFR of

2.1 or lower

In 2016, the population of the United States was approximately 325 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.7%. If the population of the U.S. were to continue to grow at this rate, the population of the U.S. would double around the year

2116

Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China?

A one-child policy enforced through taxation and penalties may have been too successful in controlling population growth

Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?

For countries in which >50% of females attend secondary school, there is no relationship between TFR and the education of women.

Why was the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010 so much more deadly than the earthquake that struck Tohoku, Japan, in 2011?

Japan has a stricter building code.

Which of the following U.S. states would be least likely to be affected by a tsunami?

Kansas

According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila

Laysan finch

_____ death rates and _____ infant mortality rates are due in large part to technological advances, improved sanitation, and better medical care in developed countries.

Lower; lower

If you wanted to study some of the oldest indigenous cultures in Australia and Oceania, to which of these islands would you likely travel?

Papua New Guinea

Which of the following effects on population accompanies the change from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy?

Population growth rate slows.

Which area on the map is experiencing a negative population growth rate?

Russia (D)

Which of these events occurred during the Paleozoic?

colonization of land by plants

Bats and birds are unrelated animals, yet they both evolved wings. By acquiring similar traits (i.e., wings) as they adapted to similar environments, these species exhibit

convergent evolution

Several times a year volcanoes erupt along the Aleutian Island chain in southern Alaska. What geologic feature is responsible for these hazardous events?

convergent plate boundary

Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in

developing countries

If a scientist spends his time studying communities and the nonliving materials that they interact with, he or she would be called a(n)

ecosystem ecologist

A single, small population that only exists in one place on the planet is considered __________ to that area.

endemic

Earthquakes result from

energy released from movement at plate boundaries and faults

Which of these events occurred most recently in the history of Earth?

first humans

Which of these events occurred earliest in the history of Earth?

formation of oxygen

A __________ is defined as the living and nonliving elements around an organism

habitat

Studies have shown that family planning programs

have been very effective at lowering TFR and population growth rates

What factor would contribute to a sharp decline in death rate, such as the one shown in Stage 2?

improved sanitation

According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.

increases environmental impact

The transitional stage in the demographic transition model is initiated by

industrialization

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?

inverted pyramid

Replacement fertility is the TFR that

keeps a population stable over time

According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at postreproductive age.

larger; lower; smaller

The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is

less than replacement rate

Which of the following would explain the extinction of upwards of 90% of species in existence over a short period of time?

mass extinction events

Which of the following has experienced the greatest decline in population growth rate from 1950-2010?

more developed regions

A niche specialist is

more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

Scatter plots like this one can help reveal whether two factors correlate to one another, and if so, whether their relationship is positive or negative. According to the graph, what type of relationship exists between a nation's total fertility rate and its female secondary school enrollment rate?

negative

Which of the following states has the highest earthquake hazard area?

Arkansas

Which statement accurately describes a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1?

At a TFR of 2.1, the population will be fairly stable.

How does the distribution of cities in Australia and New Zealand compare to the rest of the countries in the region?

Australia and New Zealand have multiple major cities, whereas the rest of the countries in the region tend to have just one large city.

Scientists often depict their understanding of an organism's evolutionary ancestry in diagrams called

phylogenetic trees

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?

pyramid

Of the following, which provide the most complete picture of whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable?

rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration

Mutation and ________ are the key mechanisms that generate and maintain genetic variation among individuals in most populations.

sexual reproduction

The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are

China and United Kingdom

If an inhabitant of the Acadiana region traveled to Minneapolis, Minnesota and ordered a soft drink, the Acadiana traveler would most likely ask the server for a _____. When repeating the Acadiana traveler's order the Minneapolis server would likely use the local term, _____.

Coke, pop

The majority of volcanoes are associated with which type of faults?

Convergent faults

Each branch in the figure results from

speciation event

In the demographic transition model, a country's highest population growth rate is likely to occur during

stage 2, the transitional stage

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The population grows most rapidly when the birth rate is significantly greater than the death rate.

supported

The term demographic transition refers to

the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops

An excellent example of selective or artificial breeding by humans is

the diversity of dog breeds in the world today

Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. If they remain isolated for a long period of time,

the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur

At what stage is the U.S. in the demographic transition model?

the postindustrial stage

You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galapagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying?

the processes by which the various species of finches on the islands diverged from a common ancestor

The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes

the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures

What does the green graph line represent?

total number of individuals in the population

What forces generate tsunamis?

Earthquakes trigger tsunamis by displacing large amounts of rock and sediment on the ocean floor along the fault line.

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water and trigger which of the following natural disasters?

tsunamis

Undersea earthquakes and volcanic eruptions may produce

tsunamis

What kind of distribution do we typically see within a population of a species that maintains nesting territories, such as red-winged blackbirds?

uniform

You live in the Pacific Northwest and hear a news story about the dangers associated with pyroclastic flow. Which of the following is the news story about?

volcanic eruptions

If a significant amount of extrusive igneous rock is found in an area, one would expect also to find __________ nearby.

volcanoes

Endemic species

are found only in one place on the planet

Which of the following was a factor in helping to reduce total fertility rate of developed countries in the recent past?

better medical care

According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to

birds

What does the left y-axis of the graph represent?

birth rate or death rate

Dog breeds are a classic example of artificial selection. Which of the following is another example of artificial selection?

breeding wild cabbage to create broccoli and cauliflower

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? In the future the birth rate and death rate will be balanced, so the total population will remain relatively constant.

cannot be determined from the graph

How have volcanoes formed the Hawai'ian Islands with no subduction zones nearby?

Hawai'ian volcanoes are situated above a hot spot

Which cultural region in the United States borders another country?

Hispanic borderlands

In England, dogs with large, floppy ears called hounds came into existence. These dogs were favored for hunting because of their excellent sense of smell. Which statement most accurately represents the process that produced such dog breeds from the wild-type (feral) dog?

Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar dogs over many generations.

Which of these climate zones is associated with the areas of highest population density in Australia?

Humid subtropical, moist all year

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the distribution of the American Indian population and Native Land Reserves?

In Arizona, counties with high percentages of American Indians are located near reserve lands.

Which North American cultural group is located almost entirely within a desert - dry region?

Navajo Reservation

Which of the following states has a 0.1 or higher peak acceleration of standard gravity associated with natural gas supply areas that is likely not associated with natural causes of earthquakes (e.g. near plate boundaries or along major fault lines)?

Oklahoma

Of the physical features listed, which is associated with the greatest earthquake hazard?

Sierra Nevada

Which of the following correctly pairs a soft drink term with its ethnic and cultural region?

Soda is the term likely used in the Cuban South Florida region.

Which of the following best describes the population dynamics in areas of the continental U.S. with the greatest tsunami hazard.

Some of the areas with the highest population increases between 2000 and 2010 (above 14.9%) occur in areas with the greatest tsunami risk.

Which region of Australia is the most densely settled?

Southeast

Which stage in the graph shows the greatest overall decline in death rate?

Stage 2

Which stage represents the fertility transition--a period of declining fertility rates related to economic and social change?

Stage 3

In which stage or stages is the size of the population relatively stable?

Stages 1 and 4

What specifically triggered a meltdown in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant?

The earthquake-triggered tsunami breached a nearby seawall; its waters directly impacted the power plant by seeping into the plant, resulting in a nuclear meltdown.

What did the government of Japan do after the Fukushima disaster?

The government immediately shut down and ordered the reinspection of all 48 of its nuclear power plants

A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be TRUE of this species' response to natural selection?

There will be less genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.

Two organisms live in the same geographical area, are very similar genetically, and can breed with each other successfully. Which of the following statements is correct?

These organisms are members of the same species.

The "ring of fire" is

a belt of earthquakes and volcanoes that occur around the Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?

a colony of leafcutter ants, the leaves they harvest, the fungi that they cultivate and tend to, and the soil nutrients and moisture needed for their garden

Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem?

a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

A population is

a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

Which of the following areas would experience the most devastation after an earthquake?

a marshlike environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city

Extinction is

a natural process

Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?

a rectangle tapering toward the top

Which of the following can help humans mitigate the negative impact of floods?

zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones