CHAPTER 3 REVIEW QUIZ

(Q003) Climate change has evoked a politically polarized debate in the United States. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious based on the science available. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous. Although it may seem that climate change is a matter of science, underlying the disagreement are attachments to opposing a. religious belief sets. b. ideologies. c. stereotypes. d. ethnocentrisms.

Correct Answer: ideologies.

(Q013) Certain ideals about women's appearance are highly valued in the United States, such as thinness, muscular definition, and blemish-free skin. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession in our culture with the "perfect female body" emerges from our social structures and shapes the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be around people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not a result of how women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it a. ignores differences found in other cultures. b. sets up a conflict between men and women. c. presumes culture is a one-way process. d. presumes that women's bodies are essential to a functioning society.

Correct Answer: presumes culture is a one-way process.

(Q021) In the "Sociological Conversations" video, Allison Pugh discusses how parents in very different socioeconomic strata decide whether or not to purchase the current popular toy for their children. She introduces us to the ideas of symbolic indulgence and deprivation. Families choosing which toys to purchase for children are participating in a. culture jamming. b. textual analysis. c. consumer culture. d. cultural production.

Correct Answer: consumer culture.

(Q002) What is an example of nonmaterial culture? a. a photography exhibit at a modern art museum b. a fashion blog c. a hedge maze at a botanical garden d. the rules for using the weight room at the gym

Correct Answer: the rules for using the weight room at the gym

(Q009) Sociologist Allison Pugh researched consumer culture and socioeconomic class differences through parental purchases for children. In their relationship with their children, low-income parents tended to strive for symbolic indulgence, whereas high-income parents tended toward symbolic deprivation. Both of these approaches are an attempt to ensure that kids "fit in" at school, indicating that parents of all classes shy away from difference. These actions reflect a. symbolic representation. b. material culture. c. ethnocentrism. d. values.

Correct Answer: values.

(Q012) As a budding sociologist, you decide to study American politics by attending presidential caucuses. You identify as a liberal independent, but you are interested in the process from different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting against ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the challenges you in particular must overcome to produce an unbiased study? a. determining the actual party affiliation of the people you interview b. making sure you attend an equal number of caucuses across the political spectrum c. remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions d. ensuring the names and identifying information of the people you interview is kept completely confidential

Correct Answer: remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions

(Q019) Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the internment of all people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States. The government stated that this action was to protect national security. Many of those sent to these internment camps were US citizens, with parents or grandparents born in Japan. This action relied on the use of a. stereotypes. b. hegemony. c. culture jamming. d. sexism.

Correct Answer: stereotypes.

(Q008) Skateboarding is a popular youth pastime. Within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done, and the skating vocabulary can vary by place. In addition, skateboarders have distinctive gear, such as skate shoes designed to provide grip and durability. All this sets skaters apart as a kind o a. minority group. b. mass media. c. subculture. d. stereotype.

Correct Answer: subculture.

(Q017) For a research project in an introductory sociology course, a student decides to compare how women's magazines cover health and beauty topics versus career and professional topics. This student is conducting a. cultural relativism. b. culture jamming. c. textual analysis. d. cultural production.

Correct Answer: textual analysis.

(Q015) North Korea has been ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family. The citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life, without access to outside information, and suffering frequent famine. Sociologically speaking, the leadership of North Korea is a. dominating. b. fascist. c. hegemonic. d. insane.

Correct Answer: dominating.

(Q014) When fears of contagious diseases such as avian flu and Ebola arise, public health officials encourage people to replace greetings involving close contact (handshakes, hugs) with an elbow bump. This change in greetings represents a shift in a. personal values. b. social norms. c. media messages. d. societal subcultures.

Correct Answer: social norms.

(Q023) While today the phrase "mass media" might bring to mind a cable TV network or a print publication with hundreds of thousands of subscribers, the earliest mass media were a. movies. b. town criers. c. books. d. radio shows.

Correct Answer: books.

(Q005) Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For some tourists visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with tattooed and long-haired bikers might be jarring. For the tourist who thinks like a sociologist, such an encounter is an opportunity to observe a different group of people by applying a. cultural scripts. b. different values to one's own life. c. cultural relativism. d. reflection theory.

Correct Answer: cultural relativism.

(Q011) Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of our lives in the United States are shaped by that entire experience: what we choose to wear, with whom we make friends, whom we avoid, and how we respond to authority figures, whether teachers or preachers or police. Overall, our experience of school is a. a major part of socialization. b. an institutional program to foster moral development. c. significant exposure to a specific subculture. d. training in cultural relativism.

Correct Answer: a major part of socialization.

(Q004) Suppose you are part of a research team stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys. You are there with your same-sex spouse of eight years. In Uganda, homosexuality was criminalized in 2009 and is currently punishable by life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, but you have not experienced difficulties in daily life. As you begin the write-up of your research, you are especially aware of the scholarly need to a. ensure that the Ugandan government approves of all your data. b. disseminate your data to all of your colleagues for preliminary review. c. avoid being outed (detected) as a same-sex couple. d. avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.

Correct Answer: avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.

(Q024) When children who speak languages other than English at home attend public schools in the United States, they not only are expected to learn and use academic English, they also are exposed to and expected to act in accordance with rules such as waiting in line to go through the lunch line and sitting in the cafeteria to eat lunch. When these children go home, they speak with their family in their shared language and follow different practices regarding shared meals. Moving between these different settings, these children grow adept at a. code switching. b. culture jamming. c. media effects. d. ethnocentrism.

Correct Answer: code switching.

(Q022) Josie comes up with an idea to create and distribute satirical advertisements that expose the hypocrisy of a large tech company that promotes itself as a force for good in the world while exploiting factory workers in poor countries. This would be an example of a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural scripts. c. culture jamming. d. textual analysis.

Correct Answer: culture jamming.

(Q018) A television ad campaign for a new toy starts playing nationwide in late October. Within weeks, big box retailers are selling out of the toy as parents prepare for the holidays. This response is an example of a a. long-term, intended media effect. b. long-term, negative media effect. c. short-term, intended media effect. d. short-term, unintended media effect.

Correct Answer: short-term, intended media effect.

(Q010) Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post signs that read, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." These signs a. establish a shared value. b. reinforce a cultural norm. c. enforce a subculture. d. manifest material culture.

Correct Answer: reinforce a cultural norm.

(Q001) Material culture includes a. values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms. b. literature and historical texts. c. anything from the natural environment. d. buildings, artworks, and technological devices.

Correct Answer: buildings, artworks, and technological devices.

(Q006) What is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences? a. You read about an indigenous group in South America that still hunts with bows and arrows, and your reaction is that they should use better technology. b. You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers. c. You are greatly offended when a classmate from Bangladesh describes her sister's arranged marriage, and you respond that you would never let your parents choose your spouse. d. You love sushi and see the availability of Japanese cuisine in the United States as a positive thing.

Correct Answer: You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers.

(Q007) Your friend Jerome tells you that he believes culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you disagree, arguing that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. You give the example of the disagreement between indigenous Americans and colonial Europeans about whether land was something that could be owned. You are trying to illustrate the idea of a. cultural scripts. b. cultural lag. c. reflection theory. d. culture shock.

Correct Answer: cultural scripts.

(Q016) Facebook surpassed 1 billion monthly active users in 2012, and that number has continued to climb. Facebook wasn't the first social media site, of course; it had to compete with earlier sites, such as Friendster and MySpace. Today, though, Facebook is many people's default way of staying in touch with family, friends, and colleagues through messages, posts, likes, and event invitations. Widespread reliance on the site is a good example of a. socialization. b. domination. c. soft power. d. hegemony.

Correct Answer: hegemony.

(Q020) In the United States, media ownership is a. spread among a large number of public and private companies. b. consolidated in the hands of a few big companies. c. controlled by the state. d. in constant flux.

Correct Answer: consolidated in the hands of a few big companies.

(Q025) Robert Cornelius took a self-portrait on a daguerreotype in 1839, which is believed to be the first American portrait, but it wasn't until the 2000s that "selfie" became a word. It was the Oxford English Dictionary's word of the year in 2013. The gap between the first instance of self-portraiture by camera and the proliferation of the term "selfie" more than a century later is an (extreme) example of a. socialization. b. cultural lag. c. ethnocentrism. d. hegemony.

Correct Answer: cultural lag.