Chapter 3: The Chemical Basis of Life III: Organic Molecules - all life is composed of atoms which combine to form molecules

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Larger polymers

Starch and cellulose are

Isomers

2 molecules with an identical chemical formula but different structures and characteristics

Polypeptide

A _______ is a structural unit composed of a linear sequence of amino acids.

The structure of proteins

A ________ is a functional unit composed of 1 or more polypeptides

Dehydration Reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

All forms of life have organic molecules and macromolecules that fall into 4 broad categories... What are they?

insulators and shock absorbers

In animals, what do lipids act as?

ATP energy

Simple carbohydrates are broken down to make _____ which is used as a source of _______

Stereoisomers

isomers with identical bonding relationships, but with different spatial positioning of their atoms

gene expression and regulation

What are proteins involved with?

Phospholipids, estrogen, testosterone, triglycerides

What are some examples of lipids?

cis-trans enantiomers

What are the two kinds of Stereoisomers?

Energy storage Insulation Support cushion for organs

What are three functions of fats in living organisms?

They store energy or may play a structural role as in plant cell walls

What do larger carbohydrates do?

Functions as hormones and energy storage

What do lipids function as?

Key role in cell structure and carry out a diverse array of cellar functions

What do proteins play a key role in?

Molecular tags It allows recognition of specific cells and molecules

What do some carbs function as? What does this allow?

stores genetic information in units called genes. RNA is made from DNA and provides access to that information

What does DNA store?

a larger organic molecule and a water molecule

What does a Condensation reaction produce?

Its ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms

What is a key property of the carbon atom?

cell membranes

What is a lipid a key function of?

used as a source of energy for most living organisms

What is sugar used as?

Cn(H2O)n n represents a whole number

What is the general formula for carbohydrates? What does n represent?

because they were first discovered in living organisms

Why are organic molecules called "organic molecules?"

This happens because carbon has 4 electrons in its outer (second) shell and it requires 8 electrons or 4 additional electrons to fill the shell

Why does carbon have the ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms? (like why does it happen)

Polymer

a large molecule formed by linking many smaller molecules known as monomers

Nucleic acid

a linear sequence of nucleotides; DNA = double stranded

Monomers

an organic molecule that can be used to form larger molecules (polymers) consisting of many repeating units of the monger

Glycosidic linkage

bond formed between 2 sugar molecules such as a dehydration reaction

Macromolecules

large, complex compounds which include carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Organic molecules

carbon containing molecules

Carbohydrates

composed of C,H, and O atoms in or close to the proportions represented by the general formula

Structural isomers

isomers that contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships

Functional groups

most organic molecules and macromolecules contain this; groups of atoms with characteristic chemical structures and properties

Structure of Lipids

non polar molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen

Monosaccharides

simplest sugars

Organic Chemistry

the science of carbon containing molecules

Condensation reaction

this happens when a polymer is formed and 2 smaller molecules form this reaction.

due to the bonding properties of carbon

why do organic molecules have various shapes?


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