Chapter 3: The Chemical Basis of Life III: Organic Molecules - all life is composed of atoms which combine to form molecules
Larger polymers
Starch and cellulose are
Isomers
2 molecules with an identical chemical formula but different structures and characteristics
Polypeptide
A _______ is a structural unit composed of a linear sequence of amino acids.
The structure of proteins
A ________ is a functional unit composed of 1 or more polypeptides
Dehydration Reaction
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
All forms of life have organic molecules and macromolecules that fall into 4 broad categories... What are they?
insulators and shock absorbers
In animals, what do lipids act as?
ATP energy
Simple carbohydrates are broken down to make _____ which is used as a source of _______
Stereoisomers
isomers with identical bonding relationships, but with different spatial positioning of their atoms
gene expression and regulation
What are proteins involved with?
Phospholipids, estrogen, testosterone, triglycerides
What are some examples of lipids?
cis-trans enantiomers
What are the two kinds of Stereoisomers?
Energy storage Insulation Support cushion for organs
What are three functions of fats in living organisms?
They store energy or may play a structural role as in plant cell walls
What do larger carbohydrates do?
Functions as hormones and energy storage
What do lipids function as?
Key role in cell structure and carry out a diverse array of cellar functions
What do proteins play a key role in?
Molecular tags It allows recognition of specific cells and molecules
What do some carbs function as? What does this allow?
stores genetic information in units called genes. RNA is made from DNA and provides access to that information
What does DNA store?
a larger organic molecule and a water molecule
What does a Condensation reaction produce?
Its ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms
What is a key property of the carbon atom?
cell membranes
What is a lipid a key function of?
used as a source of energy for most living organisms
What is sugar used as?
Cn(H2O)n n represents a whole number
What is the general formula for carbohydrates? What does n represent?
because they were first discovered in living organisms
Why are organic molecules called "organic molecules?"
This happens because carbon has 4 electrons in its outer (second) shell and it requires 8 electrons or 4 additional electrons to fill the shell
Why does carbon have the ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms? (like why does it happen)
Polymer
a large molecule formed by linking many smaller molecules known as monomers
Nucleic acid
a linear sequence of nucleotides; DNA = double stranded
Monomers
an organic molecule that can be used to form larger molecules (polymers) consisting of many repeating units of the monger
Glycosidic linkage
bond formed between 2 sugar molecules such as a dehydration reaction
Macromolecules
large, complex compounds which include carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Organic molecules
carbon containing molecules
Carbohydrates
composed of C,H, and O atoms in or close to the proportions represented by the general formula
Structural isomers
isomers that contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships
Functional groups
most organic molecules and macromolecules contain this; groups of atoms with characteristic chemical structures and properties
Structure of Lipids
non polar molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen
Monosaccharides
simplest sugars
Organic Chemistry
the science of carbon containing molecules
Condensation reaction
this happens when a polymer is formed and 2 smaller molecules form this reaction.
due to the bonding properties of carbon
why do organic molecules have various shapes?
