Chapter 3 unit 1

Farming

Began as early as 9800 BC in the Fertile Crescent. Eventually spread through Mesopotamian however it was far from perfect for agriculture. In addition to flooding farmers dealt with hot summers and unreliable rainfall. However the regions also promised plentiful crops such as wheat barley and figs if the people could come up with a way to control the water supply

Ziggurat

City states were important religious centers the most important building within one was a huge pyramid shaped temple this means mountaintop every city was dedicated to a major God or Goddess who was its guardian they believe that they lived on the shrine a secret place on the top this so people reached the shrine by climbing on external flights of stairs priest were responsible for conducting religious practices here they included various rituals Such as offering food to the gods or goddesses. Priest also performed purification or cleansing ritual using holy water purification process was often used on kings before they entered shrines where they were believed to dwell

D2

Epic of Gilmagesh - story of a king Of Uruk encounter with a monster.

Sargon the Great

In ancient Mesopotamian ruler who grew up in Kish which is a city state in central Mesopotamia. Kish was a city state in Akkad. Akkadians has different languages and ethnic origins than Sumerians. He was a powerful official and eventually overthrew the king. In 2334 BC his armies conquered Sumer. They also took control of northern Mesopotamia creating the first empire. His empire stretch from the Mediterranean sea to the Persian Gulf. Empire lasted 150, He ruled 56 of those years. He was an effective warrior and good at managing projects and people. He allowed people he conquered to keep their local rules and customs. But they have to obey him and pay a protection tax. This way he kept peace and gain loyalty. He introduce standard weights and measures and made Akkadian the official government language. Because his wars spreaded they were able to trade with distant suppliers of raw materials. After he died his empire was too big to control by his sons.

City states

Include the city and its surrounding lands and settlements. These units developed when villages united to build major irrigation projects Frequent wars were fought between them to protect and gain limited natural resources and profitable trade routes.

Mesopotamia

Means land between the rivers. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers often flooded without warning depositing silt which was excellent for agriculture. Supported the early civilization that was developing there, as farming thrived in this river valley populations grew up in cities to go.

irrigation

Means watering the fields using human made systems this was the answer. Farmers in Mesopotamia and villages cooperated to dig and maintain it canals that carried water from the rivers to the fields farmers also stored rainwater for later use the wall mounts earth to hold back flooding

tribute

Money paid for protection which helped to keep peace and loyalty throughout the empire.

social class

Sumerian society was organized by this which is an order based on power and wealth with kings ruled at the top with priest just behind them administrators and scribes merchants then artisans or people who are skilled at making things by hand they turned and looked down on farmers and less skilled worker however people at the bottom of the system ranked higher than Sumerian slaves.

D1

Table - Scribes used reeds or Sharpen blades of grass to carve 600 cuneiform symbols.

D3

The Epic of Creation explains how the world was formed, chief god Marduk creates the stars month calendar.

New Technology

The people developed this such as the ox driven plow a chore that broke up the hard big summer soil and prepared large areas for planting. These creative methods enabled farmers to use the rich soil to their advantage and the result was a reliable and abundant agricultural surplus which lead to population growth they could develop art, architecture, and this

Fertile Crescent

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began and bends down the coast of the Mediterranean

famine

an extreme shortage of food.

Polytheism

the belief in or worship of more than one god. Sumerian lives depended on natural forces they cannot control including rivers that flooded and change course the people worshipped hundreds of God who they believed controlled each one and the earth and the humans and created humans to serve them. They believed that Gods had superhuman powers. And fortunately that God uses powers to collect droughts floods and disease. To keep the gods happy priest tried to please them by paying a temple tax which was offered to the gods as a ritual or form a series of acts always performed in the same way by observing the Sun moon and stars priest predicted with the gods were planning this helped to develop the calendar, astronomy and mathematics

Tigris River

A fast-moving river that empties into the Persian Gulf found in what is today Iraq deposited silt

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. The earliest form of writing known as pictographs or images of objects became into symbols called this what's really resent it sounds rather than objects scribes began forming words and combining them into sentences and religious and scientific works in stories.these change marked the beginning of written history and a major step forward in the development of civilization.

Empire

A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler in this case the Akkadian empireWhich became too big to control after Saragon died and then his sons took over but we're unable to manage order. City states rebelled and a lot of effort and time went to keeping the peace. Enemies from the north east rated the empires and protective orders them and also return spreading suffering and unrest among the people by 2200 BC Akkadian empire had come to an end.

Euphrates River

A slow moving river that emptied across the Persian Gulf what is found in today Iraq deposited silt

silt

And especially fine and frail soil that was excellent for agriculture.

Sumer

Around 3500 BC Mesopotamia's first civilization arose in an area in the southern part of the region. Was not controlled by single unified government. Instead was made up of dozen of advanced self-governing city states.Most of 12 at city states including her were built on the Tigers or Euphrates rivers they were also clustered to the coast to the Persian golf war people develop fishing and trade. Frequent fights between the states to protect for land most of 12 of city states including Ur were built on the Tigris or Euphrates rivers they were also clustered to the coast to the Persian gulf people developed fishing and trade. Lacked in important natural resources such as tin and copper they had to be acquired through trade when combined they produced bronze used to create tools and weapons. 3,000 bc called the Bronze Age for its importance