chapter 30: america's independence

industrialization or Economic Development; Colonial legacies; supply sufficient quantities of manufactured goods that Colonial markets demanded; European trade; compete with European producers of inexpensive manufactured goods; Latin American Elites; profited handsomely from European trade; foreign influence; investment; they offered no substantial market for British goods; brought them profits; meat; explosive growth of urban areas; urban labor; encourage industrialization; Porfirio Diaz who; railroad tracks; mineral resources; support continuing Industrial Development; Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors who supported Diaz; sudden outbreak of Revolution; expanded rapidly; Mexico; Rubber and coffee; Cuba; competition for markets; control over Industries and exports; foreign investors; elites who profited from foreign intervention

Latin American states did not undergo _____ like the us or Canada. ____ help explain the different economic development. Even when Spain and Portugal control trade and investment policies of their colonies, their home economies weren't able to _____. As a result, they open colonies to ___ which snuffed out local industries that could not ____. Both in colonial times and after Independence, ____ retain control over local economies. Elites ____ and had little incentive to seek different economic policies or work towards economic diversification. Therefore foreign investment and trade had more damaging effects in Latin America. The relatively small size of Latin American markets limited ___ which generally took the form of ___ or informal imperialism. British merchants have little desire to transform Latin American States into dependent trading partners because ____. Nevertheless, British investors took advantage of opportunities that ____ and control over Latin American economic Affairs. In Argentina, British investors encourage the development of cattle and sheep ranching. After the invention of refrigerated cargo ships ____ became Argentina's largest export. British investors control the industry and profits in Argentina became Britain's principal supplier of meat. European migrants labored and the new export Industries and contributed to the ____ and by 1914 the City's population exceeded 3.5 million. Thought migrant laborers really shared in the profits controlled by Elites, the domination of ___ by European migrants represent another form of foreign influence. In few lands, ruling elites made attempts to ____ with only limited success. The most notable of those efforts came from General ___ ruled Mexico. He represented the interest of large landowners, wealthy merchants, and foreign investors. Under his rule, ____ and Telegraph lines connected all parts of Mexico and production of ____ surged. A small steel industry produced railroad track and construction materials and entrepreneurs also established glass, chemical, and textile Industries. The capital underwent transformation during Diaz years, as it acquired pave streets, Streetcar lines, and electric street lights. Profits from Mexican Enterprises did not _____ and went to pockets of ____. While the growing discontent Urban working-class resented the low wages, long hours, and four managers. Even as agriculture, railroad construction, and Mining were booming the standard of living for average Mexicans begin to decline by early 20th century, and frustration helps explain _____. Despite large proportion of foreign and British control, Latin American economies _____. Exports drove that growth were copper and silver from ___, bananas and coffee from Central America, ____ from Brazil, beef and wheat from Argentina, Copper from Chile, and tobacco and sugar from ____. Other areas in the world also develop many of the same products for export and ____ led to lower prices. As in the United States and Canada, foreign investment in Latin America provided capital for development but _____ remained foreign hands. Latin American economies were subjected to decisions made in the interest of ____ and unstable governments could do little in the face of foreign intervention. Controlled by _____ Latin American governments helped account for region slower Economic Development.

space and time; environmental impact; land clearing; human suffering for indigenous peoples; enter the dryer planes and even desert regions; set their Clocks by the sun; scheduling nightmares for real Road managers; two massive trains hurtling towards each other on the same track; divided the North American continent to four zones; railroad time; official framework of time; at a fast pace; telephones; film photography; Strong consumer demand for those and other products; large-scale labor unions; business owners wanting profits; workers seeking higher wages or security; 1877; support from federal or state governments; one of the world's major industrial powers

Railroads led to drastic changes in the ways people organized and controlled ___. They alter the landscape and and the transformations only furthered the ____ of the railroad. The westward expansion driven by the railroad led to ___ and the extension of farming and Mining lands in brought about both ____ and environmental damage through soil erosion and pollution. Irrigation and the politics of water also created trouble especially as settlers and Farmers ____. The dark smoke emanating from engines on that on represented progress from industrial promoters but office symbolize ever-widening intrusion into the natural environment. Railroads shape the sense of time in the United States. Until rail Transportation became available, Community ____. Therefore NY time is 11 minutes and 45 seconds behind Boston. Those differences in lacrescent create ___ who by the 1880s how to keep track of more than 50 time standards. Observance of local time also create hazards because a smallest population in scheduling could bring ___. To simplify matters in 1883 railroad companies _____ in which all railroad Clocks Were precisely the same time. The general public quickly adopted ____ in place of local sun time and in 1918 the US government legally-established four time zones as a nation's ____. Let by railroads the US economy expanded ___ between 1870 and 1900 as investors at our new products and brought them to Market such as electric lights, ___, typewriters, photographs, ____, motion picture cameras, and electric motors. ___ fueled rapid industrial expansion and suggested to observers at the United States have found roads to progress and prosperity. Yet the march of US Industrialization and not go entirely unopposed as ___ emerge alongside big businesses and confrontations with ___ and ____ grew ugly. Nationwide coordinated strike occurred in ___ and shutdown two-thirds of the nation's railroads. Violence standing from the strike took the loss of 100 people and resulted in 10 million dollars worth of property damage. Nevertheless big business prevailed in its dispute with workers during the 19th century often from ____ and by the early Twentieth Century the US had emerged as ____.

British investment capital; textile industry; coal and iron ore mines; railroads lines; generated wealth; fertile grounds for British investment; outperform Britain's economy; depend on wage labor rather than slavery; construction of railroad lines; abundance of Natural Resources; difficult to maintain close economic ties between regions; cheap transportation (for agricultural Commodities, manufactured goods, and individual Travelers); beef; other Industries; 75% of US steel; operate large complicated businesses; develop the techniques he needed to run big businesses

___ in the u.s. Prove crucial to the early stages of Industrial Development by helping business people establish a ___. In the late 19th century it spurred vast expansion of US industry by funding entrepreneurs, who open ___, built iron steel factories, and constructed ____. The flow of investment monies was a consequence Britain's industrialization which ___ and created need for investors to find profitable Outlets for their funds. Stable white-governed States and colonies were especially ____ which provided the impetus for industrial expansion and economic independence in those regions. And the case of the US it helped create a rival industrial power that would eventually ____. After the 1860s US businesses made effective use of foreign investment Capital as United land recovered from the Civil War. The war determined that the US would ____ and entrepreneurs set about tapping American resources and building a continental economy. Perhaps the most important economic development of the later 19th century was the ___ that linked all US regions and help create an integrated National economy. Because of his enormous size and environmental diversity, the US offered ___ for industrial exploitation. But vast distances made it _____ until a boom and railroad construction created a dense Transportation Network. Before the Civil War the US had about fifty thousand kilometers of railroad lines and by 1900 there were more than 320,000 km. Most prominent of the new lines was his transcontinental route. Railroads decisively influence US economic development and provide a _____. They hailed grain, __, and Hogs from the plains Northwest, Iron and Steel from Mills of Pittsburgh and finished products from Eastern industrial cities. Quite apart from Transportation devices you provided, railroad spur the development of ____ as they required huge amounts of coal, wood, glass, and rubber, and by the 1880s and ___ went to the railroad industry. They also require the development of new managerial skills to ____. In 1850 few US businesses had more than a thousand employees but by the early 1880s the Pennsylvania Railroad alone employed almost 50,000 people. Railroads were the testing grounds when managers ___.

eleven southern States; Slavery and the cultivation of cotton as a cash crop; British Isles; Britain; self-sufficient; act of betrayal; agricultural system based on Free Labor; Emancipation Proclamation; only way to preserve the union; Antietam; freed slaves in the states that had rebelled; protected by the US Constitution; 13th Amendment; Battle of Gettysburg; US would remain politically United; strong central government; Westward Expansion; enormous human casualties

___ withdrew from the union in 1860 and 1861, affirming their right to dissolve the union and their support for states' rights. ___ had isolated the southern states economic developments and the rest of the US. By the 19th century the sovereign states for the world's major source of cotton in the bulk of the crowd went to the ___. Manufactured goods consumed in the southern states to come mostly from ___ and almost all food came from the Region's Farms. Southerners had considered themselves ___ and believe that they did not need the rest of the United States. Northerners saw the situation differently as a view secession as a legal Insurrection in an ____. They fought not only against slavery but also against the concept of a State subject to Blackmail by its constituent parts. They also fought for a way of life, their emerging industrial society, and an expensive Western ___. The first two years of the war ended in stalemate. The war change character when Abraham Lincoln sign the ___ making the abolition of slavery and explicit goal of the war and as the war progressed Lincoln increasingly viewed the destruction of slavery as the ____. 5 days after the Union victory at __, President Lincoln issued preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. The final version issued January 1st 1863 and ___. Ironically in the states that remained loyal to the union, slavery was ____. The looming problem was that the slaves freed by the Emancipation would have risked re-enslavement after the war unless they're liberal views quickly reaffirmed and the solution to this problem was the ____ which completely abolished slavery throughout the United States. Ultimately the United States prevailed in the Civil War after the bloody ___ in 1863 which had turned the military tide against Southern forces. The northern states brought many resources to the war effort but still they had fought for bitter years against the formidable enemy and the Victory of the northern states ended slavery in the US. Moreover ensured that the ____ and enhance the authority of the federal government in the Republic. As European lands were rebuilding powerful states on foundations of revolutionary ideas, liberalism, and nationalism, the US also Forged a ___ to supervise ____ and deal with the political and social issues that divided the nation. The streams came out horrible cost for both sides especially in terms of the ____.

Fatt Hing Chin; purchase passage on a ship; sail to California and join the Gold Rush; large number of young Chinese men crammed with him in the ship; 95; stick together; large-scale overseas migration of workers; open a restaurant

A village fish Peddler, ___ often roamed coast of southern china in search of fish to sell. One day he heard a tale of mysteries mountains beckoning young Chinese to cross the ocean. At 19 years, he felt Restless. He learned he could ___ but needed to be cautious. Eventually he told his parents the plans and in 1849 he boarded a Spanish ship to ___. He felt some uncertainty and was surprised at the ____ and shared their dismay as they remain confined for weeks. __ days passed before the hills of San Francisco came into view and upon arrival Travelers met Chinese Veterans of life in the US who explained the need to ____. Chin hired out as gold miner and headed for mountains of gold and after dating for two years he accumulated his own little pile of gold, wrote to his family urging them to join him and helped fuel ____. After having made a fortune he returned to China and travel to come to lie around the world. He participated the gambling that took place at Sea and lost half of his gold. Almost settled and prosperous he once again became restless and long for excitement and left his pregnant wife and came back to California but the gold was more difficult to find. Inspired by the luck of another migrant, Tong Ling, who managed to get $1 for each meal he sold. Chinn's cousins in San Francisco decided to ___.

west of the Mississippi River; Sioux; Pawnee; resistance to encroachment by white settlers; Lakota Sioux and their allies; George Armstrong Custer; Battle of Little Bighorn; cannons and deadly guns; Breaking native resistance; Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; Ghost Dance; all white people disappeared; overreacted badly; harsh US treatment of native peoples

After 1840 the site of conflict between Euro-American and Indigenous peoples shifted to the region ___. Settlers and ranchers in the trans-mississippi west encountered people such as the __, Comanche, ___, and Apache, who possess firearms in equestrian skills. The native peoples of the Plains offered ___ and that time celebrated powerful victories over US forces. In 1875 thousands of ____ annihilated in Army under the command of General ___ in the ___. Despite occasional successes Native Americans ultimately lost the war against US forces of expansionism and the technologically sophisticated Weaponry employed against native peoples included ____. Those weapons aided US forces in ____ in open Western Plains to us Conquest. Another symbolic conflict took place in 1890 at ___. Frightened and threatened by Sioux adoption of the ___, expression of religious beliefs that included a vision of an afterlife in which ___, whites wanted these religious ceremonies suppressed. US Cavalry horses Chase Sioux who fleed to Safety in the South Dakota Badlands and at Wounded Knee Creek, a serious man accidentally shot off a gun and Calvary ___, slaughtering more than 200 men women and children. Emblematic of the ____, Wounded Knee represent to the place where a people's dream died.

framework of government; constitution; federal government; individual states; administration of new States and territories; all men are equal; property qualifications; expand to the West; all lands between Appalachia mts and Mississippi River; Napoleon Bonaparte needed funds to protect France from its enemies; purchase Frances Louisiana territory; Lewis and Clark; cheap land to cultivate; manifest destiny; destined to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic Seaboard to Pacific & Beyond; conflict with indigenous people; push them from their ancestral lands; forged alliances among themselves; Canada; Force the continent open to White expansion; Indian Removal Act of 1830; Trail of Tears

After gaining independence the United States faced the need to construct a ___. During the 1780s leaders from rebellious colonies drafted a __ that entrusted responsibility for General issues to a ___, reserved Authority for local issues for ___, and provided for __ to the Confederation. Although the Declaration of Independence declare that ___ most individual states women to the vote to man of property. The enlightenment idea of equality encourage political leaders to extend the franchise and by the late 1820s most ____ had disappeared and by mid-century almost all of the white men were eligible to participate in political affairs. While working to settle constitutional issues residents of the US begin to ____. After the American Revolution, Britain ceded to the new Republic ___ and US doubled in size. In 1803 and ___ so he allowed United States to ___ which expanded form Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains. Overnight the US doubled in size again and between 1804 and 1806 Geographic Expedition led by ___ map the territory and surveyed its resources. Settlers soon began to flock West in search of ___ and by the 1840s Westward Expansion was well underway and many US citizens spoke of a ___. According to this idea the United States was ___. Westward Expansion brought settlers and government forces into ___ who resisted efforts to ___. Native peoples ___ and sought the backing of British colonial officials in __ but us officials and military forces supported Euro American settlers and gradually ____. With the ____ the US government determined to remove all Native Americans West of Mississippi into Indian Territory, Oklahoma. Among the tribes affected by this horse removal where the Seminoles and the Cherokees who were forced to migrate from Eastern Woodlands on the ___.

Canadian economy; industrialize without allowing the economy to fall under British control; Canadian agriculture products and minerals; high standard of living; national policy; attract migrants; build National transportation systems; Transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railroad; other Industries; resisting encroachment on their lands; control and direct economic Affairs; agricultural and industrial production; Asia and Europe; 2.7 million; rapidly increasing wheat production; Canadian rivers; dominated US investment; grew; 30%; increasingly interdependent; Ontario

British investment deeply influenced the development of the ____. Canadian leaders took advantage of British Capital to ____. During the early 19th century Britain payed High prices for ____ partly to keep the colonies table and discourage formation of separatist movements. As a result, white Canadians had ____ even before industrialization. After the establishment of the Dominion, politicians started a program of Economic Development known as the ___. Idea was to ___), protect nascent Industries through tariffs, and ______. The centerpiece of the transportation network was the _____ built largely with British investment Capital completed in 1885. It open the Western lands to Commerce, stimulated the development of ___, and promoted the emergence of a Canadian national economy. The national policy created some violent altercations with indigenous peoples who ___ and trappers who resented disruption of the way of life but it also promoted economic growth and Independence. In Canada, as in the United States, the ability to ____ was crucial to limiting the state's dependence on British capital. As a result of the national policy Canada experience booming ____ in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Canadian population serves as a result of those migration of natural increase. Migrnats flock to Canada Shores from ___. Between 1903 and 1914 ___ Eastern European migrants settle in Canada. Fuel by the population growth, Canada economic expansion took place on the foundation of ___ and extraction of rich mineral resources including gold, silver, copper, nickel, asbestos. Industrialists also taped ____ to produce the hydroelectric power necessary for manufacturing. Canada remained wary of its powerful neighbor to the South but did not keep US economic influence entirely at bay. British investment ____ through the 19th century as in 1914 British investment in Canada total 2.5 billion compared to 700 million from the United States. Nevertheless, US presence in the Canadian economy __ and by 1918 American owned ___ of all Canadian industry in there after US And Canadian colonies became _____. Canada begins to undergo rapid industrialization after the early 20th century as a province of ____ benefited from the spillover of US industry in the northeastern states.

US labor force; construction of an American Transportation infrastructure; Open China to foreign influences; indentured laborers in China; migration to distant lands; indentured labor contract; agricultural plantations; Italians; paid Italian migrants to cross the Atlantic in work for coffee Growers; Golondrinas; travel back and forth between Europe in South America; Cuba; China and Japan; Cotton plantations; Hawaii; sugar cane

Asian migrants swelled the ___ in contributed to the ___. Chinese migration grew rapidly after 1840s when British gunboats ____. Officials of the Qing government permitted foreigners to seek ____ and approved their ____. Between 1852 and 1875, 200,000 Chinese migrated to California. Some negotiated passage inside to make a fortune in the gold rush but most traveled on _____ that require them to cultivate crops or work on railroads. Whereas migrants to the US contributed to the development of an industrial society those who went to Latin American lands mostly worked on ___. Some Europeans figured among these migrants. About 4 million ___ sought opportunities in Argentina and Brazilian government ____ who experienced severe labor shortage after abolition of slavery. Many italian workers settle permanently in Latin America, but many became popularly known as ___ because of the regular ____ to take advantage of different growing seasons. Other migrants who worked on plantations in the Western Hemisphere came from Asian lands. More than 15,000 indentured laborers from China worked in sugar cane fields of ___ and Indian migrants traveled as well. Laborers from ___ migrated to Peru where they worked on ____, mined guano deposits, and built railroad lines. After middle of the nineteenth century, expanding US influence led to migration to ___ where Planters sought indentured laborers to tend to ____.

Canada's founding people; Canadian political development; remained minority of Canada's population; Slavery; brought their slaves to Canada; underground railroad; Chinese; Fraser river Rush of 1858; little voice in public affairs; descended from British and French settlers; British Canadians; Westward Expansion; European and Indigenous societies; preserve their land and trading rights; Louis Riel; assumed the presidency of a provisional government in 1870; capturing Fort Garry; outlawed his government; Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s; Northwest rebellion; state was ready to subdue individuals that were different and politically opposed to Nation dominated by the British Canadian Elites; long-term cultural conflict

British and French settlers each view themselves is ____. This profoundly influenced ____ and masked much greater cultural and ethinic diversity and Canada. French and British settlers displaced the indigenous people who ____. ___ likewise left a mark on Canada, as slavery was legal in the British Empire until 1833 and many early settlers ____. After the 1830s escaped slaves in the US also reach Canada by ____. Blocks in Canada were free but not equal, segregated in isolated from political and cultural mainstream. ____ migrants also came to Canada lured by gold rushes such as ____ and opportunities to work in Canadian Pacific Railway in 1880s. Chinese migrants live mostly in segregated Chinatown in cities of British Columbia and had ____. In late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, waves of migrants brought even greater ethnic diversity to Canada. Despite the heterogeneity in Canada's population, communities ____ dominated Canadian Society and conflict between the two communities were most prominent source of ethnic tension. After 1867, as ____ led the effort to settle in Northwest Territories and incorporate them into the Dominion, friction between two groups intensified. ____ brought British-Canadian settlers and cultivators into conflict with French Canadian fur Traders and Lumberjacks. Fur Traders lived in margins between ____ and frequently married with native woman giving rise to metis. Major outbreak of civil Strife took place in the 1870s and 1880s as native peoples and metis moved west to ____. But the drive of British Canadians to the West threatened them. ____ emerged as the leader of the metis and indigenous peoples of western Canada. Sensitive to this community's concern that Canadian government threatened local land rights he ____. He led his troops in ____ and negotiated the incorporation of the province of Manitoba to the Canadian Dominion. Canadian government officials and troops ____ and forced him in 2 years of Exile, in which he wandered through the United States and suffered confinement. Work on the _____ renew the threat of White Settlement to indigenous and metis Society. The metis asked Riel to lead resistance to the railroad and British-Canadian settlement. In 1885 he organized a military force of metis and native peoples in the Saskatchewan river country and led ____. Canadian forces quickly subdued the makeshift Army and government authorities executed Riel for treason. Although the Northwest Rebellion never had a chance for Success, his execution reverberated throughout Canadian history. French Canadians took it as indication that _____. In the very year, when completion of the Transcontinental Railroad signified for some beginnings of Canadian National Unity, his execution foreshadowed the ____ between Canadians of British, French, and Indigenous ancestry.

divided land moving towards Civil War; middle-class Mexicans join peasants and workers to overthrow Porfirio Diaz; topple the unequal system with landed Estates; armed themselves and engaged in guerrilla warfare against government forces; Emiliano Zapata and Francesco Villa; land and Liberty; embody the ideals and aspirations of the indigenous Mexican masses; discredited government efforts at reform; capture Mexico's major cities; radicals were ultimately defeated; Mexican constitution of 1917; universal suffrage; minimum wages and maximum hours; important guarantees for the future

By the early 20th century Mexico was ___. The Mexican Revolution broke out when ___. The Revolt in Mexico was the first major violent effort in Latin America to attempt to ___, and turned increasingly radical as those denied land and representation ___. The lower class took up weapons and follow their revolutionary leaders, _____, charismatic Rebels who organize massive armies fighting for ___ which were their stated revolutionary goals. Zapata and Villa ___ and enjoyed popular support. They ____ and challenge governmental political control. He confiscated hacienda land to The Peasants and attacked and killed US citizens in retaliation for US support of Mexican government officials. Despite the power and popularity, they were unable to ___ and did not command the resources and wealth government forces had access to. The Mexican Revolution came to an end soon after government forces ambushed and killed Zapata and Villa. Government forces retain control over Mexico and ____, the ___ had already addressed some of the concerns of the revolutionaries by providing land redistribution, ___, State-supported education, ___, and restrictions and foreign ownership of Mexican property and mineral resources. Although these constitutional Provisions were not soon implemented they provided ___. In the form of division, Rebellion, caudillo rule, and Civil War, instability and conflict plague Latin America throughout the 19th century and many Latin American people lacked education, employment, and political representation.

Multicultural Society; Walt Whitman; white male Elites of European ancestry; tension and conflict; indigenous peoples/ African Americans/ woman/ and migrants; expanded to the West; encroach on the reservations; cramped territories; reduce native autonomy; assimilating tribes to the white way of life; native cultural Traditions; hunting of Buffalo; Dawes severalty Act of 1887; collective tribal reservations; enrolled them in white control boarding schools; Carlisle Indian School; distancing children from their cultures; fleeing from boarding schools

By the late 19th century the United States had become a ____ whose population included indigenous peoples, Euro-Americans, African-Americans, and growing number of migrants from Europe and Asia. ___ described the US as a team of nation of Nations. Yet political and economic power rested almost exclusively with ____ and the United States experienced ____ as members of various groups worked for dignity, prosperity, and voice and Society. During the 19th-century tensions swirled especially around _____. As they ____ Euro American settlers and ranchers pushed indigenous peoples onto reservations. Although promising to respect those lands the US government permitted settlers and railroads to ____ and forced native peoples to ____. The United States embarked on a policy designed to ____ through laws and reforms aimed at ____. The US government and private citizens acted to undermine or destroy ____. Native tribes on the plains had developed material culture centered on ____ and the skillful exploitation of animal resources. White migrants, Railroad employees, hunters, and wild west men shot and killed hundreds of Buffalo and exterminated the Buffalo economy of the Plains Indians. The ____ shifted land policies away from ____ and towards individual tracks of land meant to promote the Family Farms once common in US Society and now becoming increasingly less competitive. Even more dramatically government officials remove native children from their families and tribes and ____. The schools, such as the ____ and Toledo Indian School, Illustrated the extent to which White Society sought to eliminate tribal influences and inculcate US values. Tribal languages, native dress, and Fashions were banned, ____. Native Americans resisted these forms of assimilation by _____ are refusing to agree to new policies. Native land controlled diminished but over the following decades tribes rebuilt and reaffirm native identities.

fight a war for independence; bloody internal conflict; agreed on general principles of autonomy; British Canadians in French Canadians; u.s. Expansion; possibility of Invasion from the south; Trappers and settlers from both Britain and France; Seven Years War; large concessions to their subjects of French descent to forestall unnecessary strife; Roman Catholic Church; Quebec; local Elites; Protestants; Ontario; enlarged size of the English-speaking Community there; war of 1812; unity against an external threat; United States; encroachments on US rights during the Napoleonic wars; easily invade and Conquer Canada to pressure their foes; sense of Canadian pride; recovering differences among French Canadians and British Canadians; rapid growth; drew English-speaking migrants; identity of Quebec; provinces to govern their own Internal Affairs; Durham report; John George Lambton; self-government

Canada did not ___ and in spite of deep Regional divisions it did not experience a ___. Instead, Canadian independence came gradually as Canadians in the British government ____. The distinctiveness of the two dominant ethnic groups, ___, made sure the process of building an independent society would not be smooth but intermittent fears of ___ and concerns about the ___ help submerge ethnic differences. By the late 19th century Canada was the land in control of its own destiny despite continuing ties to Britain and the looming presence over the United States to the South. Originally colonized by ___, the colony of New France passed into the British Empire after the British victory of the ___. Until the late 18th century French Canadians outnumbered British Canadians so Imperial officials made ___. Officials recognize the ___ and permitted continuing observance a French civil law in ___ and other areas of French Canadian settlement which they govern through appointed counsel staff by ___. British Canadians were ___ who live mostly in ___, follow British law, and govern themselves through elected representatives. After 1781 large numbers of British loyalists fled from newly formed United States and seeked Refugee in Canada, which greatly ___. Ethnic divisions of political differences could easily have Splinter Canada but the ___ stimulated a sense of ___. The ___ declared war on Britain in retaliation for ___ and the British colony of Canada formed one of the front lines of the conflict. US military leaders assumed that they would ____. Despite the greater resources of the United States, Canadian Forces repelled US incursions and their victories promoted a ___, and anti-US sentiments which became means are ____. After the war of 1812 Canada experienced an era of ___, and expanded business opportunities ___ Who swelled the population. That influx threatened the ___ and discontent in Canada reached a critical point in the 1830s. The British Imperial governors of Canada did not want a repeat of the American Revolution so between 1840 and 1867 they defuse tensions by expanding home rule in Canada and permitting the ____. Inspire this Imperial move toward Canadian autonomy was the ___, issued in 1839 by ____, 1st Earl of Durham in the recent governor-general and Lord High Commissioner of Canada. He advocated a good deal of ___ for a United Canada and his report became a model for British Imperial policy and Colonial self-rule in other states.

male domination; vote or hold office; permission from their male Guardians; rough treatment; machismo; strength; aggressiveness; Adela Zamudio; talented woman cannot vote but ignorant men could; educational opportunities; the home and in the marketplace; Mexican Revolution; Zapatistas; food for soldiers; soldaderas

Even more than in the United States and Canada, ____ was an essential characteristic of Latin American society in the 19th century. Women could not ____ nor work or manager states without ____. In rural areas women were liable to ___ and assault by gauchos and other men steeped in the values of _____, a social ethic that honored male ___, courage, ____, assertiveness, and cunning. Few women Voiced discomfort with male domination and in her poem to be born a man, the Bolivian poet _____ lamented bitterly that ____, just by learning how to sign their names. Although Latin American lands had not yet generated a strong woman's movement when they began to expand ___ for girls and young women after the mid-nineteenth century. In large cities most girls receive formal schooling and women usually file teaching positions in public schools. Woman carved spaces for themselves outside or alongside the male world and this was especially true in ____, where Latin American woman exerted great influence and control. In the early 20th century women serve in conjunction with men in the ____ most famously as the ____, or followers of Emilio Zapata. Many women supporting Zapata labored within the domestic round to provide ____ and others breach the domestic various to become soldiers or officers. All those women who became ___ demonstrated most extreme forms of activism, Mexican women, on the whole, made major contributions to the success of the Revolution and share the radical Spirit of change that characterized much of the earliest 20th century Latin America.

succession of governments; Mexican-American War; Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna; liberal Reform movement; Benito Juarez; la Reforma of the 1850s; military and Roman Catholic Church; rural middle class; constitution of 1857; Universal male suffrage; private property; bitterly divided; out of Mexico City until 1861; Napoleon III; recreating a monarchy; Puebla; Austrian Archduke Maximilian;

Independent Mexico experienced a ___ from monarchy to Republic to caudillo rule, but it also generated a liberal reform movement. The ___ caused political turmoil in Mexico and helped General ___ perpetuate his rule. After the defeat of the war a ___ attempted to reshape Mexican Society. Led by President ___, ___ set to limit the power of the ____ in Mexican Society. He and his followers call for Liberal reform, designed to create a ___. The ____ set forth the ideas of La Reforma. It curtail the prerogative of priests and Military Elites and guaranteed ___ and other civil liberties, such as freedom of speech. Land Reform efforts centered on dismantling corporate properties which had the effect of parceling out communal Indian lands and Villages as ___, most of which ended up in the hands of large landowners. La Reforma challenge some of the fundamental conservatism with Mexican Elites who were Spirited opposition to reform. Liberals and conservatives in Mexico stayed ___ as conservatives Force the Juarez government ___ when he struggled to establish order in his country. To lessen Mexico's Financial woes, he chose to suspend loan payments to foreign powers and that led to French, British, and Spanish intervention as European side to recover and protect their investments in Mexico. France's ___ proved especially persistent and intrusive his attempts to end Mexican disorder by ____ but met unexpected resistance in ___, where Mexican forces beat back the French Invaders on Cinco de Mayo. Napoleon the third then sent tens of thousands of troops and proclaimed the Mexican Empire although he later withdrew the forces. A Mexican firing squad kill the man he had appointed Emperor, ___ he managed to restore a semblance of liberal government but Mexico remained was set by political divisions.

policy of claiming American land for agriculture and ranching; pushing aside indigenous peoples; Argentina and Chile; used modern weapons; assimilate or retreat; Caudillos come to power; military rather than civilian Heroes; political stage; exploiting the discontent of the masses; Juan Manuel de Rosas; Argentina; subdue other caudillos; centralize the government he seized; in bloody fashions; launching a Reign of Terror; restored order; winning personality traits most exemplified by caudillos; physical strength; opposition that aimed to overthrow caudillos;

One thing elites agreed on was ___. That meant ___ and establishing Euro American hegemony in Latin America. Conflict was most intense in ____ where cultivators & ranchers longed to take over the South American Plains. During the mid-nineteenth century as the United States was crushing native resistance in western expansion, Argentina and Chile forces ___ to burn their campaign to conquer the indigenous people. By the 1870s they had pacified most productive lands and forests indigenous peoples either to ___. Although Creole Elites agreed on the policy of conquering native peoples, Division and Discord in the newly independent States helped ___. The wars of Independence had lasted well over a decade and they provided Latin America with ____. After Independence military leaders took the ___, appealing to popular sentiment and ____. One of the most notable caudillos was ____ who ruled ___ badly divided between cattle herding and gaucho society and the urban Elite of Buenos Aires. Rosas himself emerged from the world of cattle ranching and uses skills to ___ and establish control in Buenos Aires. Roses called for regional autonomy in an attempt to reconcile competing interests but he worked to _____. He quelled rebellions ___ and critics compared him to historically Infamous figures and accuse him of ___. Rosas did what caudillos did best, ___. In doing so he made a terror a tool of the government and ruled through his own personal Army. He embodied the ___. He attained great popularity through his identification with the people and demonstrated ___. Although caudillo rule limited freedom and undermine Republican ideals it sometimes also gave rise to ____ and work for Liberal reforms that would promote Democratic forms of government.

decline of tobacco cultivation; rise of cotton cash crop in early nineteenth-century; 500,000 to almost 2 million; limit spread of slavery to new territory; Missouri Compromise of 1820; balance between slave and free states; house divided against itself cannot stand; Abraham Lincoln; slavery was immoral; restoration of the union; abolitionist; elected on a platform for noninterference with slavery; assimilating 4 million freed slaves into the nation's social and political fabric; inducing border states to join the Confederacy;

Opponents of slavery had dreamed that the institution would die a natural death with ____. Their hopes painted with the invigoration of the slave system by the ___ followed by Westward Expansion. The u.s. Slave population Rose sharply from ___ in 1820. As numbers of slaves grew, anti-slavery forces fought to ____. Beginning with the ___ a series of political compacts attempted to maintain a ____ as Republic admitted new States carved out of western territories. These compromises proved too brittle to endure as pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces became more strident. Abraham Lincoln predicted in 1858 that a ____. The election of ___ to the presidency in 1860 was spark that ignited war between the states. Lincoln was explicitly sectional candidate and was convinced that ____ and committed to Free-Soil, territories without slavery. Although slavery stood at center of the conflict President Lincoln had insisted from the beginning of the war that his primary aim was ___ and not the abolition of slavery. He was reluctant to adopt an ___ policy. There were reasons for his hesitancy as not only Lincoln had been ___ within the states but he also doubted the constitutionality of any federal action. He was also concerned about the difficulties of ___. Most important he feared that an abolitionist program would have the effect of ___ and upsetting the Loyalty of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, four slave states that remained in the Union. The Civil War also revolved around the issue Central to the us as a society, the nature of the Union, states rights as opposed to the federal government's Authority, and the imperatives of a budding industrial capitalist system against those of an export-oriented plantation economy.

Latin America; large Confederation; wars of Independence; impossible to sustain; Venezuela; Ecuador; numerous Independence dates; republics with written constitutions; self-government; were more autocratic than British Imperial government; Enlightenment values; jumped from one Constitution to another; Creole Elites; Less than 5%; indigenous peoples; had little Choice Beyond Rebellion; liberals or conservatives

Political Unity was short-lived in ___. Simone Bolivar worked for the establishment of a ___ that would provide Latin America with strength to resist encouragement from foreigh powers. The ___ that he led encouraged the sense of solidarity in Latin America. However solidarity was ___. Bolivars Grand Columbia broke into three parts, ___, Colombia, and ____ and the rest of Latin America fragmented into ___. Following the example of the US, Creole Elites usually established ____ for the newly independent States. Constitution was much more difficult to frame in Latin America than in the US. While gaining independence, Latin American leaders had less experience with ____ because Spanish and Portuguese Colonial regimes ___. Creole Elites responded enthusiastically to ____ and Republican ideals but had little experience put in their principles into practice. As a result several Latin American landlords ____ as Leaders struggle to create a Machinery of government that would lead to stability. ___ also dominated the newly independent states and fermented Mass participation in public affairs. ____ of the male population was active in Latin American politics in the 19th century and millions of ___ lived entirely outside of the political system. Without institutionalized means of expressing discontent, those discontent with the system ____. Political instability was differences among the elites. Whether they were Urban merchants or land owners Latin American Elites divided into different camps as ___, centralist or federalist, securalists or Roman Catholics.

gauchos; Urban residents make society's crucial decisions; mestizos or castizos; Pampas; indigenous peoples; independent and self-sufficient lives; courage; entered armies; romanticized version of the gaucho life

Sarmiento admire the bravery and Independence of Argentina's ___ but he considered imperative that ____. Although the interest of the Gaucho did not extend throughout all of Latin America, observers did not see gauchos as one symbol of Latin American identity. Most gauchos were ____ but they were also white and black. For all intents and purposes, anyone who adopted Gaucho ways became a gaucho and their society acquired ethnic egalitarianism rarely found elsewhere in Latin America. They were most prominent in Argentine ___ but their cultural practices link them to the Cowboys found throughout the Americas. As pastors herding cattle and horses, they stood apart from both the ___ and the urban and agricultural Elites who gradually displaced them with land Holdings and cattle ranches. Gauchos led ____. They lived off their own skills and using only their horses to survive. They just distinctively with sash trousers, ponchos, and Boots. Countless songs and poems lauded their ___, skills, and lovemaking bravado. Yet Independence and caudillo rule disrupted gaucho life as the cowboys increasingly ___ and as settled Agriculture and ranches surrounded by wires enclosed the Pampas. They did not leave the Pampas without resistance and poet Jose Hernandez offered a _____, and protest its decline in the epic poem the gaucho Martin Fierro. He conveyed The Pride of Gauchos, particularly those who resisted assimilation.

equality for freed slaves and African-American descendants; armies of occupation; program of reconstruction; civil rights; voting rights; biracial government; violent backslash; land grants; take away the liberties that former slaves had gained in Reconstruction; tried to vote; deprived African American population of opportunities; woman's movement; Seneca Falls Convention; men and women are created equal and should have equal rights; south and east Europe; foods; holidays; languages; hostility (for The migrants Who flooded into the expanding industrial cities); they preferred neighbors were from their cultural Traditions; exclusion of new arrival from Asian lands

The Civil War ended slavery but did not bring about ____. In an effort to establish a place for freed slaves in American society Northern forces sent ___ to the southern states and force them to undergo ____. They extended ___ to freed slaves and provided black man with ___. Black and white citizens in southern states elected ___ for the first time in US history and freed slaves participated actively in the political Affairs of the Republic. After reconstruction, the armies of occupation went back North and ____ dismantled the program of reform. Freed slaves did not receive ___ or any other means of economic support and many have to work as sharecroppers for former slave owners. Under those circumstances, it was easy for white Southerners to ____. By the turn of the century, US blacks faced violence and intimidation when they ___. The South states created a segregated society and ____. Although Freedom was better than slavery it was far different from the whole Provisions that slaves had won with their emancipation. Even before the Civil War, a small but growing ____ had emerged in the United States. At the ____, feminists issued a declaration of sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence, that ____. Women fought for equal rights throughout the 19th century and new opportunities for education and employment offers became alternatives to marriage and domesticity. Women's colleges, reform activism, and professional industrial jobs allowed some woman to pursue careers over marriage. Yet meaningful economic and political opportunities came for women in the 20th century. Between 1840 and 1914, 25 million European migrants landed on American Shores and by the late 19th century most of them hail from _____. Migrants introduce new ___, music, dances, ____, Sports, and ____. White native-born citizens of the US began to feel swamped by the arrival of so many migrants. Distaste for foreigners often resulted in ____. Migrants and family concentrated in certain districts such as Little Italy and Chinatown because _____ and because native-born citizens discouraged migrants from moving into other neighborhoods. Concerns about growing numbers of migrants have different Traditions eventually led to the ____ and the US government ordered complete halt to migration from China in 1882 in from Japan in 1907.

hierarchical distinctions based on ethnicity and color; Creoles; indigenous peoples, freed slaves/black descendants; mixed ancestry; limited opportunities available for people in low rank; cultural diversity; Indentured laborers; assimilated without leaving much influence; made distinctive communities; Heirs of Europe; Domingo Faustino Sarmiento; caudillos; facundo: civilization and barbarism; dominated the countryside

The heritage of Spanish and Portuguese colonialism and legacy of slavery incline Latin American societies towards ____. At the top of society's were ___ while ____ occupied lowest rungs of social ladder. In-between were various groups of ___ such as mosquitoes, mulattos, zambos, and castizos. Although most Latin American States ended the legal recognition of these groups, distinctions persisted after Independence and ____. Large-scale migration brought additional ____ to Latin America in the 19th century. ____ from Asian lands to Peru, Brazil, Cuba, and other destinations carried many of their native cultural practices. When their numbers were small they mostly intermarried and _____. When they were more numerous ____ which they spoke during other languages, prepared food from their Homeland, and observe their own Traditions. Migration of European workers to Argentina brought diversity to the capital of Buenos Aires, known as the Paris of the Americas. Latin American intellectual seeking cultural identity usually saw themselves either as ____ or products of the American environment. One spokesperson who identified with Europe was Argentine president ____. He despised the rule of ___ they had emerged after Independence and worked for the development of a society based on European values. In his book ____, he argued it was necessary for Buenos Aires to bring discipline to the disorderly Argentine Countryside. Deeply influenced by the enlightenment he characterized books, ideas, law, education, and arts as products of cities and argue the only when cities ____ would social stability and Liberty be possible.

large-scale migration of European and Asian people (to the United States, Canada, and Latin America); Internal migration within the Americas; work and financial well-being; California Gold Rush of 1849; Canadian Goldrush; factories; plantations of the Americas; support services that made life for migrant workers more comfortable; food; cultural traditions; factories of growing industrial economy; operate Machinery or perform heavy labor at low wages; increase profitability; 2.3 million; Germany; cheap land; contributed to early industrialization; textile industries

Underpinning the economic development of the Americas was ___. ____ also contributed to a New Economic landscape or take away as Latin Americans Journey to the United States in search of ___. Gold prospectors hoping to make a quick Fortune, the ___ bringing the largest crowd, but ____ also lured migrants by the tens of thousands. Outnumbering gold prospectors are millions of European and Asian immigrants who made their way to the ___, railroad construction sites, and ___. Following them were others who offer the ___ and at the same time transform the ethnic and cultural landscape of the Americas. Fatt Hing Chin's restaurant in San Francisco fed Chinese migrants it also helped introduce Chinese cuisine to American society. Migrants from other parts of the world found similar Comforts in __, religion, and ___. After the mid-nineteenth century, European migrants went to North America where they filled the ___. The lack of skills made them attractive to industrialist seeking workers to ____. By keeping labor costs low on migrants, it helped ___ and fuel the expansion of the US industry. In the 1850s European migrants of u.s. Number ___ and the volume of migration surged until the early 20th century. Increasing rents and indebtedness drove cultivators from Ireland, Scotland, ___, and Scandinavia to seek opportunities in North America. Some moved to Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in search of ___ but many stayed in eastern cities and ____. By the late 19th century most European migrants were coming from southern and Eastern Europe. Russian Jews, Italian, Greek, and Portuguese were most prominent among leader migrants and settled largely in the industrial cities of the eastern states where they dominated ____ of the Northeast and helped industrial expansion.

United States and Mexico; Texas; many u.s. Migrants thatv settled there wanted to run around affairs; accepted Texas as a new State; Mexican-American War; punishing defeat on the Mexican Army; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; 1/2; Texas, California, and New Mexico; stranded in territories annexed by US; Mexican nationalism; aggravating tensions between regions; slavery; Independence; appropriate policy was to abolish slavery; holiness of private property; surge of anti-slavery; Delaware North; full equality for free blacks; hardened divisions between slave and free states; extend slavery to newly acquired territories

Westward expansion also generated tension between the ___ whose territories included Texas, California, and New Mexico. __ declared independence from Mexico in 1836 because ___. In 1845 the US ___ against vigorous Mexican protest and move to Consolidated its hold on the territory. Those moves led to conflicts that escalated into the ____. US forces instigated the war and then inflicted ____ and by the ___, the United States took possession of approximately ___ of Mexico's territory paying 15 million dollars in exchange for ____. Thousands of US and Mexican soldiers died in the conflict and thousands of Mexican families found themselves ____. Some return to Mexico but mostly put in at and US citizenship. This conflict none the less fueled ____ as well as disdain for the US. While satisfying desires for the US realize its Manifest Destiny, Westward Expansion also created problems within the Republic by ____. The most serious and divisive issue had to do with ___ which affected American politics since ___. The enlightenment idea of equality suggested that the ____ but the leaders of the American Revolution and framers of constitution recognize the ___, including slaves. US independence initially promoted ____ as States from ___ abolish slavery within their jurisdictions. Abolition did not bring ____ in north New States but it ____. Westward Expansion aggravated tensions further by raising the question of whether settlers could ____.

political autonomy; internal conflicts among Canadians; Britain; British North America Act of 1867; Dominion of Canada; seat of government; federal government; British representative; reserved some political matters for themselves; Waging War; Foreign Affairs; John a McDonald; incorporate all of British North America into the Dominion; join the Dominion; make Canadian unity and Independence reality; Transcontinental Railroad; helped bring new provinces into the Dominion; ties to Britain

Westward expansion of the u.s. And the u.s. Civil War all pushed Canada towards ___. Fear of u.s. Expansion help stifle ____ and prompted ___ to Grant Independence to Canada. The ___ joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and recognize them as the ____. Other provinces joined dominion leader. Each province had its own ___, provincial legislator, and lieutenant governor representing the British crown. The Act created a ___ headed by a governor-general who acted as the ___. An elected House of Commons and appointed Senate rounded up the framework of governance. Provencial legislators ____, whereas others fell within the purview of the federal government. Without ___, Dominion of Canada had won control over all Canadian Internal Affairs and Britain retained jurisdiction over ___ until 1931. ____ became the first prime minister of Canada and he moved to ___. He negotiated the purchase of the huge Northwest Territories from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and persuaded Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island to ___. McDonald believe however that Canada's Dominion would remain symbolic until the government took concrete action to ____. To strengthen the union he oversaw construction of a ____ which facilitated transportation and communication throughout Canada and eventually ____, Alberta and Saskatchewan and Newfoundland. Internal conflicts never disappeared but the Dominion provided a foundation for Canadian independence and unity. Although maintaining ___ and struggling to force and identity distinct from its powerful neighbor to the South, Canada developed as culturally diverse and politically Unified.