Chapter 31: Societies at Crossroads

A defeat in the Crimean War stopped expansion by the a. Russians. b. French. c. Ottomans. d. Qing. e. Tokugawa.

a

As part of the Russian reforms, during the reign of Alexander II the government created zemstvos, a. which were elected district assemblies. b. which were advanced artillery divisions based on a German model. c. which was the first functioning representative assembly in Russian history. d. which served as a constitutional limitation on the power of the tsar. e. which were efficient, technologically advanced factories.

a

By the end of the nineteenth century, the only thing keeping China from being completely divided up into spheres of influence by foreigners was a. distrust among the foreign powers. b. the European respect for Chinese intellectual and cultural superiority. c. the British stipulation in the Treaty of Nanjing that China remain a unified and sovereign nation. d. a Franco-British manifesto to support China as a block to further Russian expansion. e. Japanese support based on centuries of admiration for Chinese culture.

a

Japan was forcibly opened to foreign trade in 1853 by the a. Americans. b. British. c. French. d. Chinese. e. Dutch.

a

The decisive factor in the Russo-Japanese War was the a. destruction of the majority of the Russian navy in battle with the Japanese. b. Chinese support for the Japanese. c. failure of the main Russian ally, the United States, to enter the war. d. industrial superiority of the Russian armed forces. e. Russian surprise attack on the Japanese navy at Tokyo.

a

The decisive point in the Opium War was a. the British threat to the Grand Canal. b. the arrival of an American fleet to aid the British. c. a surprise British attack on the Chinese fleet at Port Arthur. d. the overwhelming numbers of Chinese forces as they, although outgunned, overran British outposts. e. a sudden reversal by China's erstwhile ally, the Japanese.

a

The most significant territorial loss for the Ottomans was a. Egypt. b. Serbia. c. Istanbul. d. Greece. e. Anatolia.

a

What was the name of the sultan who, in 1826, had mutinous Janissaries slaughtered and thus opened the door for further reform within the Ottoman empire? a. Mahmud II b. Selim III c. Abdül Hamid II d. Abu Bakr e. Mehmed V Rashid

a

Which of the following Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire? a. Turkish as the official language of the empire b. free public education c. emancipation of women d. equality before the law e. universal suffrage

a

Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were the leaders of the a. Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. b. Hundred Days reforms. c. Chinese Communist Party. d. Taiping rebellion. e. Meiji restoration.

b

Sultan Abdül Hamid II a. poured money into a ship-building race with the British. b. ruled despotically but also followed Tanzimat principles. c. was forcibly placed in power by the Young Turk Party. d. carefully nurtured the development of the Turkish parliament. e. won the last great Ottoman Turkish military victory by recapturing Greece.

b

The Meiji reformers actively copied the western Europeans and Americans because a. the Chinese refused to share their technology with the Japanese. b. they understood the danger of those two groups and wanted to find a way to avoid commercial and/or imperial domination by either one. c. of their desire to make Japan a democratic republic. d. those lands had always treated the Japanese with equality and respect. e. Japan had already been divided up into spheres of influence and they wanted to find a way to push the Europeans and Americans out.

b

The Young Ottomans were a. a later, more tolerant political reincarnation of the Young Turks. b. fiercely opposed to the Tanzimat reforms. c. proponents of a smaller but more efficient Turkish empire. d. the leading supporters of the Tanzimat reforms. e. religious mystics who viewed the Ottoman empire as an abomination in the eyes of Allah.

b

The emancipation of the Russian serfs a. marked Russia's passage to total democracy. b. resulted in little if any increase in agricultural production. c. brought complete political equality for the Russian peasant. d. resulted in an explosion in agricultural production. e. meant that the peasants received free land as a compensation for centuries of semi-slavery.

b

The key to social reform in Russia was a. the establishment of universal suffrage. b. the emancipation of the serfs. c. possession of the leading educational system in Europe. d. the final attainment of equality for women. e. the abolition of slavery.

b

The leader of the Taiping rebellion was a. Cixi. b. Hong Xiuquan. c. Kang Youwei. d. Lin Zexu. e. Ito Hirobumi.

b

Which of the following accounts for the beginning of the social reform movement in Russia in the nineteenth century? a. massive peasant rebellions b. military defeats c. a resurgence of the principles of the eighteenth century Enlightenment d. diplomatic pressure on the part of the United States e. All these answers are correct.

b

Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of the Meiji restoration? a. abolishing the old feudal order b. turning Japan into a constitutional republic c. improving the Japanese educational system d. revamping the tax system e. reorganizing the Japanese army and navy

b

Which of the following was NOT one of the principles of the Taiping rebellion? a. the creation of communal wealth to be shared according to need b. Hong Xuiquan's belief that he was the reincarnation of the Buddha c. the prohibition of foot binding and concubinage d. abolition of private property e. free public education

b

For most of the last fifty years of the Qing dynasty, China was ruled by a. Puyi. b. Liang Qichao. c. Cixi. d. Ito Hirobumi. e. Hong Xiuquan.

c

In the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman sultan Selim III a. was able to finally destroy the power of the Janissaries. b. started the Young Turk movement. c. was locked up by the Janissaries because they considered his reforms a threat. d. was the leading figure in the Tanzimat era. e. converted to Christianity in an effort to appease the Europeans.

c

Lin Zexu was a. the driving force behind the Meiji restoration. b. the last Qing emperor in China. c. in charge of stopping the opium trade in China. d. a leader of the Self-Strengthening Movement. e. the leader of the Taiping rebellion.

c

The 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre eventually a. led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty in China. b. resulted in the abdication of Ottoman Sultan Abdül Hamid II and the rise of the Young Turks. c. led to the establishment of the Duma in Russia. d. led to communist regimes in both Russia and China. e. cleared the way for the Meiji restoration.

c

The working conditions of the growing Russian industrial class in St. Petersburg and Moscow a. were the best in Europe at the time. b. improved dramatically after the passage in 1897 of a law establishing an eight-hour work day. c. were terrible and left the workers receptive to revolutionary propaganda. d. were much better than their earlier English and French counterparts had been. e. improved when their main economic competitors, the serfs, became an un-free class in 1861.

c

Tsar Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by a. Gavrilo Princip. b. an agent of Lenin's Bolshevik Party. c. an agent of the Land and Freedom Party. d. a spy from the Ottoman government. e. an assassin hired by the Japanese government.

c

Which of the following is NOT a reform proposed in the Tanzimat era? a. educational reform b. equality under the law for all Ottoman subjects c. a democracy as the governmental model for the empire d. a new penal code e. a new commercial code

c

Which of the following was NOT a rebellion that threatened China in the nineteenth century? a. Taiping b. Tungan c. Mongol d. Muslim e. Nian

c

After the assassination of Alexander II, his successor Nicholas II a. actively carried on Alexander's reforms. b. proved to be an even greater proponent of change and pushed for true democratic reform. c. issued an edict that categorically declared the peasants to be serfs. d. championed oppression and police control. e. gave in to Bolshevik pressure and instituted a communist regime.

d

In 1900, foreign embassies in China were besieged by a. the Taiping rebellion. b. the Hundred Days reformers. c. Chinese military forces as part of the Opium War. d. the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. e. a Japanese army invasion.

d

The Russian serfs were emancipated by a. Nicholas II. b. Catherine the Great. c. Peter the Great. d. Alexander II. e. Ivan III.

d

The capitulations were unfair trading agreements between the western Europeans and the a. Qing dynasty. b. Tokugawa bakufu. c. Latin American nations. d. Ottomans. e. Russians.

d

The centerpiece of Sergei Witte's Russian industrial policy was a. his plan to emancipate the serfs. b. his attempt to copy the rapid industrialization carried out by the Japanese. c. his plan to fund the construction of large factories initially with money made from exporting opium. d. a massive program of railway construction. e. cooperative trading and intellectual exchange programs with the United States.

d

The event that best displayed Japan's rise to the level of a world power was their victory in the a. Opium War. b. Sino-Japanese War. c. Crimean War. d. Russo-Japanese War. e. Taiping War.

d

The prime mover behind Russian industrialization was a. Alexander II. b. Nicholas II. c. Avvakum. d. Sergei Witte. e. the zemstvos.

d

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the capitulations? a. They allowed for the establishment of tax-exempt banks and commercial enterprises. b. They were imposed on the Ottomans by the Europeans. c. They permitted foreign governments to levy duties on goods. d. They were imposed on the Europeans by the Ottomans. e. They exempted European visitors from Ottoman laws.

d

Which of the following was NOT one of the leading principles of the Young Turks? a. universal suffrage b. emancipation of women c. equality before the law d. Islam as the guiding principle in public life e. free public education

d

Which one of the following leaders played a major role in the Meiji restoration? a. Kang Youwei b. Hong Xiuquan c. Mizuno Tadakuni d. Ito Hirobumi e. Liang Qichao

d

In 1851, Hong Xiuquan proclaimed his own dynasty, the Taiping tianguo, which meant a. "Expel the Barbarians." b. "Brilliant as the Sun." c. "Son of Heaven." d. "Return of the Holy." e. "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace."

e

Muhammad Ali was a. the most powerful leader of the Safavid dynasty. b. the last powerful Ottoman sultan. c. the founder of the Young Turk movement. d. the Ottoman ruler who tried to strengthen the empire while simultaneously crushing liberal reform. e. the Egyptian leader who overthrew Ottoman control.

e

The Opium War ended with the signing of the Treaty of a. Paris. b. London. c. Beijing. d. Guangzhou. e. Nanjing.

e

The Self-Strengthening Movement was an attempt to blend indigenous cultural traditions with western technology in a. Korea. b. the Ottoman empire. c. Russia. d. Japan. e. China.

e

The stipulation, "In order to obtain for Ottoman citizens an education of a homogeneous and uniform character, the official schools will be open, their instruction will be free, and all nationalities will be admitted," is from what document? a. the sharia b. the personal Promulgations of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II c. the Law Code of Süleyman the Magnificent d. the Turkish Constitution of 1722 e. the Proclamation of the Young Turks

e

Who wrote, "As months accumulate and years pass by, the poison they have produced increases in its wicked intensity, and its repugnant odor reaches as high as the sky"? a. Alexander II b. Hong Xiuquan c. Ito Hirobumi d. Abd al-Hamid e. Lin Zexu

e