Chapter 32 sections 1-4

U.S. imposed constitution adopted by Japan in 1947

"MacArthur Constitution"

SCAP

"Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers", General Douglas MacArthur and his offices in occupied Japan

Viet Cong's major supply route through Laos from North to South Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh Trail

What factors allowed Japan to recover as effectively as it did after World War II?

After World War II, Japan was in ruins- many homes and factories had been destroyed, and there were severe shortages of food, clothing, and fuel. Thanks to the help American troops, the SCAP, Japan was able to recover. First, the SCAP removed top leaders who had committed war crimes. Then, they set up a new government and added a constitution. This new government and constitution allowed all Japanese adults to have the right to vote, and it also made the emperor have very little power over Japan. The constitution also included an important clauses that said the Japanese people gave up war as a natural right of their country. Japan made a rapid recovery from this point. The SCAP policies, like land reform and the breaking up of the zaibatsu, healed Japan.

How did differences between Hindus and Muslims lead to a divided India?

After World War II, The Indian National Congress made the Muslim League so that it will protect the rights of Indian Muslims. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi started the "Quit India" movement. He insisted that complete separation was the only answer. Meanwhile, the Hindus continued to resist the British. The Muslim League made different demands. Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah, they wanted a Muslim state separate from India. This new state would be called Pakistan. They also believed a separate country would better protect the interests of India's Muslims. They wanted Britain to to divide the country and then leave. But that didn't really happen. Talks between Gandhi and Jinnah failed to resolve the differences. By 1946 during World War II, bloody riots had broken out between Hindus and Muslims.

a woman who won the Nobel Peace Prose for her efforts to reform her country. She was kept under house arrest for many years and the majority of her supporters were killed out put in prison

Aung San Suu Kyi

Was a political party that wanted self-rule for East Pakistan

Awami League

How did Pakistan and Bangladesh develop after the partition of India?

Bangladesh was torn apart by war and it suffered from families, floods, and tropical storms. The new government was not equal to the huge task of rebuilding the country. Around 1970 it was taken over in a military coup. That called the Bangladesh National Party to win a victory over the Awami League. As for Pakistan, it was suffering politically. Their prime minister was arrested and was killed.

What problems did India face after independence?

Before the huge problem that India faced, it was doing fine with the economy growing. But it was growing too fast. The population in India was growing rapidly. In 1950, the population was 360 million and in 30 years it grew to about 685 million. India's economy could not catch up with the population increase. In the 1980s, the average annual income was $300. Millions of Indians did not have a job. The cities were overcrowded and the housing was so short. Not many Indians stayed alive until this day.

the daughter of Ali Bhutto, was elected prime minister. She became the first woman to serve as head of a Muslim nation. The army removed her from office in 1990 but was re elected in 1993. Three years later, she was defeated.

Benazir Bhutto

What occurred at Tienanmen Square and what were the consequences for China?

China was falling apart after Mao Zedong. Deng Xiaoping had become leader of the moderates. He wanted a direct reform of the economy. The goal was to improve industrialization, agriculture, science, and technology. The new direction encouraged many Chinese to speak out. Some called for a "fifth modernization". Pretty soon hundreds of people of pro-democracy demonstrators occupied Tiananmen Square, Beijing's central gathering place. Thousands of students stage a hunger strike and ignored government orders leave. In early June tanks and soldiers began to move to Tiananmen Square and opening fire on the people there. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were wounded. This incident spread to the West. Most Western nations and international aid agencies stopped or cut back on loans to China. Tourism stopped for a while. In 1997 the government took control over thousands of failing state-owned businesses to private owners. Also, a lot of people continued to live in poverty.

Aquino's widow who ran against Marcos and won (though Marcos claimed that she lost). She brought democracy back and promoted new business, but overall the economy was very weak under her rule

Corazon Aquino

When Mao fought back in 1966 which was a violent attempt at social change. Mao tried to get rid of China's old customs, habits, and thoughts. He wanted to replace then with a new socialist culture. His ideas were recorded on a red book.

Cultural Revolution

Tibet's Buddhist religious leader and political head

Dalai Lama

_______________was the leader of the moderate in the late 1970s. He directed a complete reform of the economy.

Deng Xiaoping

the idea that if one country falls to communism, surrounding countries will soon follow

Domino theory

What economic and social changes occurred in Japan from the 1950s onward?

Economically, land reform was a big change in Japan. For the first time, many small farmers were able to own the land they worked. New farm machinery and improved seeds helped them grow and harvest more. Farm output increased very quickly. Japan started to take advantage of its highly skilled workforce. It began to produce advanced technology for the world market. This was all very successful. In the 1900s, however, the economic growth slowed. Some companies had grown too fast and had financial problems, and there was more competition from other countries. The government tried but failed to revive the economy. Socially, Japan developed a much higher standard of living. Most families were now able to buy modern household appliances and new automobiles. Also, more women began to join the workforce, and they also won great legal, political, and social freedom. The importance of family also began to decline. The Japanese worked longer hours than people in the West, both the number of factories and people grew, and land to build on became very scarce. Prices for land and houses skyrocketed. Pollution also became a problem.

Philippine president who placed the country under martial law and had hundreds of his enemies arrested, then put a new constitution in place that gave him even more powr

Ferdinand Marcos

Jiang's group that wanted to continue the Cultural Revolution

Gang of Four

agreement signed in 1954 that called for French withdrawal from Vietnam and division of the country into two zones

Geneva Accord

A second Five Year plan that the Chinese government hoped to increase industrial output to the point where it matched that of the West. To reach this goal, China bought modern machinery and ram it almost continuously. People were encouraged by the government to produce their own iron and steel in small backyard blast furnaces. The Great Leap Forward made big farm communities called people's communes. Which included farms and small industries. One person lived in dormitories, food was served in mess halls, and the children were cared for in nurseries while their parents worked long hours in the fields and factories.

Great Leap Forward

the leader of the Viet Minh. Ho declared Vietnam independent in 1945.

Ho Chi Minh

What problems did the nations of southeast Asia face as they struggled to create stable governments?

In Laos, a communist government was set up, and they had to call the Vietnamese for help in controlling anti communist factions in its northern provinces. Then, the 50,000 Vietnamese troops did not withdraw until 1989. In Cambodia, there was a massive genocide of Cambodia's population. The government emptied all cities and forced people to do manual labor on farms. Many died of starvation because of lack of experience with farming. More than one fifth of the Cambodian population died during this time.

How did the Vietnam War affect Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia?

In Vietnam, the former southern capital fell and was renamed. After it fell, more than 1 million Vietnamese people fled their country. Some left because they feared the North Vietnamese, and most left because they did not want to live under a communist government. Vietnam struggled financially- it was deeply in debt and most people lived in poverty. In Laos, during the midst of their own crisis, they began to feel the effects of the Vietnam War. Their supply line to North and South Vietnam was broken by a bombing. Cambodia was also affected. During the war, they tried to remain neutral, but were drawn into it. Vietnam invaded Cambodia and overthrew Pol Pot, which continued the fighting throughout the 1980s.

What were the causes and effects of dictatorships in the Philippines and Indonesia?

In the Philippines, the cause of a dictatorship was because the Philippines were in turmoil. Communists were rioting in some areas and muslims were fighting for self-rule. The Philippe president at the time, Ferdinand Marcos, need to gain control. He committed actions of a dictator; he gave himself more power, placed the country under martial law, and had hundreds of his enemies arrested. The effect of the dictatorship in the Philippines was a weakened economy and a growing amount of protests against his rule. In Indonesia, Sukarno became the first president. At first, he was a popular leader who was capable of many things, but in the early 1960s, he became more of a dictator. Because of his severe rule, Indonesia's growing problems were failed to be resolved. The government's policies had brought the country close to bankruptcy, and Communists were fighting for control of some areas.

Nehru's daughter became the prime minister Her goal was to carry out her father's ideas. She ran the Indian government for nearly 20 year. Her actions angered some people. A lot of Indians turned against her and in 1997 they voted her out of office. Three years later, they elected her prime minister again. She was involved in India's political scene for the majority of her life. Gandhi showed herself to be a powerful ruler whose leadership helped india to become a key force in world affairs

Indira Gandhi

India's first prime minister who rose to speak at the stroke of midnight one night

Jawaharlal Nehru

Mao's widow who was sometimes known as Madame Mao. She led a moderate Communists and radical group. The moderates wanted to restore order and economical growth

Jiang Qing

Cambodian Communists trained by the Viet Cong who took over the government and enforced a massive genocide of the Cambodian population.

Khmer Rouge

Led a communist government and took power in North Korea

Kim Il Sung

Why was Korea divided and how have the two Koreas developed since 1953?

Korea was divided because after World War II, The Soviet Union occupied the area north of the line and American troops controlled the southern part. The division was meant to be temporary. The two powers agreed that a government should be formed to rule the entire country. Unfortunately that never occurred. North Korea's leader and South Korea's leader wanted to reunite Korea as one country. In the year of 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. The Communists quickly captured Seoul, the South Korean capital. Later, North and South Korea had faced huge problems.

most powerful political party in Japan after World War II, which controlled the government from the 1950s to the 1990s

Liberal- Democratic Party

How did Mao Zedong's government try to rebuild China after World War II?

Mao Zedong's government created The Great Leap Forward and they hoped to increase industrial output to the point where it matched that of the West. The government also tried to create the People's Republic of China to rebuild China after World War II. Part of this plan was to build up China's industry. Another part was land reform. However, the Communists forced the landlords to give their land to the peasants for them to use as farms. Millions of people were killed during this violent cause. One of the most cruel government acts that Mao Zedong organized was the Cultural Revolution. He rallied up his Red Guards that destroyed ancient works of art, burned books, and destroyed anything from the "old way". They also injured, beat, and killed people who did not follow Mao's teachings completely.

this occurs when private companies own some industries and the government owns the rest

Mixed economy

An Albanian nun who led to help the poor people in India. The nuns provided nursing care for the ill and educational programs for children. Volunteers from around the world also came to India to aid the poor

Mother Teresa

Leader of the Muslim League who wanted a Muslim state separate from India. This new state would be Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

a group of Muslim leaders formed to protect the rights of Indian Muslims

Muslim League

Meant that India did not ally with either the United States or the Soviet Union

Nonalignment

in 1973 a cease fire agreement calling for withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam

Paris Peace Accords

leader of Cambodia's new government - 1 million Cambodians died under his regime and he was overthrown

Pol Pot

Mao chose China's population of young people to lead the Cultural Revolution. They were called the Radical students (Red Guards). They went on rampages throughout China. They ruined ancient works of art, burned books, and destroying anything that they thought was old and that didn't need to exist anymore. They also beat, killed, and tortured people who did not follow Mao's teachings.

Red Gurads

What four countries made up the Four Tigers?

South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong

Who was the president of a republic in South Korea?

Syngman Rhee

Why have China and Taiwan been in conflict?

Taiwan, being the independent country it is, was allowed to govern itself. The government formed on the island and it was seemed to be democratic. Chiang Kai-shek and other Nationalist Party members held all the power. The United States also had army and navy bases on the island and kept social and economic ties with Taiwan. The U.S. also gave aid to Taiwan. Taiwan became one of the world's major producers of natural resources, manufactured goods, many of which went to the United States. The people of Taiwan enjoyed a high standard of living. In 2000, The Nationalist Party lost the election to another party when Taiwan held elections for the first time. The new president was Chen Shui-bian, whose party strongly believed that Taiwan should become and independent nation. China insisted that Taiwan was a Chinese province. The status of Taiwan continues to cause tension between China and the United States.

major attack launched on the South Vietnames by North Vietnam and the Viet Cong in 1968

Tet Offensive

How has the relationships between japan and the United States changed in the years after World War II?

The "MacArthur Constitution" had limited Japanese armed forces and military production- plus, Japan had signed a treaty agreeing to renounce war as a political tool. However, the Cold War led to a reversal in U.S. policy toward Japan. The balance of power changed in Asia, and The United States saw the communist states as a threat. They encouraged Japan to increase its armed forces, but they had to wish to rearm. The United States and Japan eventually reached an agreement; in case of a conflict near Japan, Japan would provide the United States with supplies and assistance, but not armed forces. After World War II, Japan and the United States kept friendly ties. Sometimes there was still stress between the countries, though. At first, Japan made decisions based off of what the United States told them, but shortly after the wear, Japan began to follow its own course in world affairs and make decisions apart from the United States.

What was the Tienanmen Square Massacre?

Thousands of students stage a hunger strike and ignored government orders to leave. In early June tanks and soldiers began to move to Tienanmen Square and opening fire on the people there. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were wounded. This incident spread to the West.

Huge industrial firms controlled by powerful families in Japan

Zaibatsu