Chapter 33 - The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Which type of cells only recognize antigens presented by various cells with MHC class I antigens on their surface?

Cytotoxic T cells

The basic unit of antibody structure consists of _____ "heavy" and _____ "light" polypeptide chains.

2;2

A basic antibody molecule is composed of ______ polypeptide chains; each chain has a ______ region at the end where an antigen can attach

4; variable

Which of the following treatments can benefit from the use of monoclonal antibodies?

Diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in young children. Determining if a woman is pregnant or not. Detection and treatment of various forms of breast cancer.

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

Absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood stream. Produce and distribute lymphocytes. Absorb fats and transport them to the bloodstream.

Which type of disease is associated with T cells or antibodies mistakenly attacking the body's own cells?

Autoimmune disease

An antibody molecule can be thought of as the secreted form of a

B-cell receptor.

A plasma cell is a ______ cell that is specialized for secretion of ________

B; antibodies

During an antibody-mediated immune response plasma cells secrete antibodies that have which major function?

Bind to a specific antigen and mark it for destruction

A specific defense in which plasma cells derived from B cells produce antibodies that combine with antigens is called antibody-mediated or ___ immunity

humoral

The body is capable of killing and removing pathogens and cancer cells from the body, which is known as

immunity

Tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat is called a(n) ___ response

inflammatory

The general type of immunity in which no increased response is detected with repeated exposure to an antigen is ___ immunity

innate

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells with MHC class ___ antigens on their surface; while cytotoxic (TC) cells only recognize antigens presented by various cells with MHC class ___ antigens on their surface

two, one

The problem with tissue rejection following organ transplants

is due to the tissues being recognized as nonself, and therefore being treated as a foreign substance. can be reduced if the organ donor is a close relative with very similar tissue proteins. can be reduced by administering immunosuppressive drugs.

Select all major functions of neutrophils

kill bacteria phagocytosis

Natural killer (NK) cells that destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells are

large granular lymphocytes

All of the following are outward signs of inflammation EXCEPT

lower temperature

After tissue fluid is picked up by lymphatic vessels it is called

lymph

The organ system consisting of vessels and organs that transport lymph and lipids and aids the immune system is the

lymphatic system

tears barrier protection

lysozyme to lyse bacteria

As lymph passes through the sinuses of lymph nodes, it is filtered by ______ that engulf debris and pathogens.

macrophages

Which three cell types can play a major role cell-mediated immunity?

macrophages helper T (TH) cells cytotoxic T (TC) cells

T cells recognize antigens only after those have been processed and presented on MHC molecules. MHC stands for ___ histocompatibility ___

major, complex

The antibodies produced in the laboratory by a clone of cells derived from a single B cell are called ___ antibodies

monoclonal

Which of the following are innate physical barriers to the invasion of microbes?

mucous membranes intact skin

An important function of antibodies is to bind to toxins or viruses, preventing them from interaction with a specific receptor. This is called

neutralization

A white blood cell that is phagocytic and kills bacteria with free radicals and hydrogen peroxide is a

neutrophil

If a person is bitten by a highly venomous snake and receives a dose of venom sufficient to kill several people, that person does not have the time to build up his immunity over the next week to neutralize the venom. However, hospitals carry "antivenin" made from injecting horses with small-to-larger dosages of snake venom, and then harvesting the antibodies from the horse plasma. This is an example of

passive immunity

Nonchemical, mechanical barriers to entry such as the skin and mucous membranes are considered ___ barriers

physical

The mature B cells that mass-produce antibodies are the ___ cells

plasma

The main function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is to

present antigens to T cells

Genetic immunodeficiencies that are passed form parents to offspring are called

primary immunodeficiencies

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

red bone marrow thymus

Choose the outward signs of inflammation.

redness swelling pain heat

Under certain circumstances, cellular slime molds develop specialized sentinel cells, which function to

remove bacteria and toxins

intestinal tract barrier protection

resident bacteria

The major function of memory B cells is to

respond to a specific antigen at a later time

skin barrier protection

secretions by oil glands

Under certain circumstances, cellular slime molds develop specialized phagocytic cells called

sentinel cells

Which of the following are correct statements about specific (adaptive) immune responses?

slower to develop than innate responses protect against second exposure to disease distinguish self from non-self

Which of the following are secondary lymphoid organs?

spleen tonsils lymph nodes

Which molecules on the cells of a transplanted organ are most likely to be attacked by the immune system of the organ recipient?

MHC molecules that don't match those of the recipient

When "matching" is done in preparation for organ transplantation, which molecules of potential donors and recipients are being matched?

MHC proteins

Which of the following T cells are mismatched with their functions?

Memory T cells - mediate apoptosis

___ are of the same type since they are derived from the same B cell and are against a specific antigen.

Monoclonal antibodies

Which of the following definitions best describes the role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's)?

PAMP's are molecules on a pathogen that can be recognized by the host organism's immune system.

Select all possible outcomes of antibodies binding to an antigen on a virus or foreign cell.

the virus could be neutralized activation of the complement system the foreign cell could be phagocytized

Maturation of T cells occurs in the

thymus

Which cell type is most closely associated with cell-mediated immunity?

T cell

Which of the following characterize B cells?

They function in antibody mediated immunity against bacteria. They directly recognize antigens and undergo clonal selection. They are manufactured and mature in the bone marrow.

Which of the following statements are true regarding T cells?

They mature in the thymus. They have T cell receptors on their surface.

A typical antibody molecule is composed of four polypeptides, each of which has constant region and a ___ region

variable

Which of the following immunodeficiency disorders could possibly be treated or prevented by gene therapy during the embryological stage?

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

A single antibody molecule is usually represented as having the shape of the letter

Y

Select all examples of active immunity.

a child produces an immune response to MMR vaccine proliferation of T cells in a person with a viral infection recovery from a cold due to an antibody response

Immunity that one is not born with but must develop is termed

acquired immunity

When an individual produces his or her own immune response, for example to a microorganism or a vaccine, it is called ___ immunity

active

Which type of immunity is characterized by the production of receptors that will bind to specific antigens?

adaptive

The type of immunity involving B and T cells is

adaptive immunity

An abnormal immune response to substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair, that usually are not harmful to the body is called a(n)

allergy

The presence of antibodies in a newborn baby is most often due to

antibodies that crossed the placenta from the mother's blood

Another term for the secreted form of a B-cell receptor is a(n)

antibody

Molecules that bind very specifically to receptors on the surfaces of B and T lymphocytes are called ___

antigens

Which of the following are events that play a direct role in the clonal selection of a B cell?

antigens combine with the BCRs of specific B cells helper T cells secrete cytokines B cells "selected" by antigen undergo clonal expansion

Cytokines

are soluble proteins that act as signaling molecules to stimulate white blood cells

Antibody mediated immunity is also called humoral immunity, because antibodies are present in both ___ and ___ (fluids)

blood, lymph

Maturation of B cells occurs in the

bone marrow

Which of the following organisms is helping scientists better understand the evolution of the immune system because they have a unique feature during their lifecycle?

cellular slime molds

The ___ selection theory states that each B-cell receptor or T cell receptor binds to only a single antigen

clonal

A group of plasma proteins that help destroy pathogens by promoting inflammation, binding to surfaces of some pathogens, and by forming membrane attack complexes are collectively called a

complement

A failure in the lymphatic valves located in the left subclavian vein may result in

edema in the left arm and left ventral chest wall