Chapter 33 - The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Which type of cells only recognize antigens presented by various cells with MHC class I antigens on their surface?
Cytotoxic T cells
The basic unit of antibody structure consists of _____ "heavy" and _____ "light" polypeptide chains.
2;2
A basic antibody molecule is composed of ______ polypeptide chains; each chain has a ______ region at the end where an antigen can attach
4; variable
Which of the following treatments can benefit from the use of monoclonal antibodies?
Diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in young children. Determining if a woman is pregnant or not. Detection and treatment of various forms of breast cancer.
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
Absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood stream. Produce and distribute lymphocytes. Absorb fats and transport them to the bloodstream.
Which type of disease is associated with T cells or antibodies mistakenly attacking the body's own cells?
Autoimmune disease
An antibody molecule can be thought of as the secreted form of a
B-cell receptor.
A plasma cell is a ______ cell that is specialized for secretion of ________
B; antibodies
During an antibody-mediated immune response plasma cells secrete antibodies that have which major function?
Bind to a specific antigen and mark it for destruction
A specific defense in which plasma cells derived from B cells produce antibodies that combine with antigens is called antibody-mediated or ___ immunity
humoral
The body is capable of killing and removing pathogens and cancer cells from the body, which is known as
immunity
Tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat is called a(n) ___ response
inflammatory
The general type of immunity in which no increased response is detected with repeated exposure to an antigen is ___ immunity
innate
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells with MHC class ___ antigens on their surface; while cytotoxic (TC) cells only recognize antigens presented by various cells with MHC class ___ antigens on their surface
two, one
The problem with tissue rejection following organ transplants
is due to the tissues being recognized as nonself, and therefore being treated as a foreign substance. can be reduced if the organ donor is a close relative with very similar tissue proteins. can be reduced by administering immunosuppressive drugs.
Select all major functions of neutrophils
kill bacteria phagocytosis
Natural killer (NK) cells that destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells are
large granular lymphocytes
All of the following are outward signs of inflammation EXCEPT
lower temperature
After tissue fluid is picked up by lymphatic vessels it is called
lymph
The organ system consisting of vessels and organs that transport lymph and lipids and aids the immune system is the
lymphatic system
tears barrier protection
lysozyme to lyse bacteria
As lymph passes through the sinuses of lymph nodes, it is filtered by ______ that engulf debris and pathogens.
macrophages
Which three cell types can play a major role cell-mediated immunity?
macrophages helper T (TH) cells cytotoxic T (TC) cells
T cells recognize antigens only after those have been processed and presented on MHC molecules. MHC stands for ___ histocompatibility ___
major, complex
The antibodies produced in the laboratory by a clone of cells derived from a single B cell are called ___ antibodies
monoclonal
Which of the following are innate physical barriers to the invasion of microbes?
mucous membranes intact skin
An important function of antibodies is to bind to toxins or viruses, preventing them from interaction with a specific receptor. This is called
neutralization
A white blood cell that is phagocytic and kills bacteria with free radicals and hydrogen peroxide is a
neutrophil
If a person is bitten by a highly venomous snake and receives a dose of venom sufficient to kill several people, that person does not have the time to build up his immunity over the next week to neutralize the venom. However, hospitals carry "antivenin" made from injecting horses with small-to-larger dosages of snake venom, and then harvesting the antibodies from the horse plasma. This is an example of
passive immunity
Nonchemical, mechanical barriers to entry such as the skin and mucous membranes are considered ___ barriers
physical
The mature B cells that mass-produce antibodies are the ___ cells
plasma
The main function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is to
present antigens to T cells
Genetic immunodeficiencies that are passed form parents to offspring are called
primary immunodeficiencies
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
red bone marrow thymus
Choose the outward signs of inflammation.
redness swelling pain heat
Under certain circumstances, cellular slime molds develop specialized sentinel cells, which function to
remove bacteria and toxins
intestinal tract barrier protection
resident bacteria
The major function of memory B cells is to
respond to a specific antigen at a later time
skin barrier protection
secretions by oil glands
Under certain circumstances, cellular slime molds develop specialized phagocytic cells called
sentinel cells
Which of the following are correct statements about specific (adaptive) immune responses?
slower to develop than innate responses protect against second exposure to disease distinguish self from non-self
Which of the following are secondary lymphoid organs?
spleen tonsils lymph nodes
Which molecules on the cells of a transplanted organ are most likely to be attacked by the immune system of the organ recipient?
MHC molecules that don't match those of the recipient
When "matching" is done in preparation for organ transplantation, which molecules of potential donors and recipients are being matched?
MHC proteins
Which of the following T cells are mismatched with their functions?
Memory T cells - mediate apoptosis
___ are of the same type since they are derived from the same B cell and are against a specific antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies
Which of the following definitions best describes the role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's)?
PAMP's are molecules on a pathogen that can be recognized by the host organism's immune system.
Select all possible outcomes of antibodies binding to an antigen on a virus or foreign cell.
the virus could be neutralized activation of the complement system the foreign cell could be phagocytized
Maturation of T cells occurs in the
thymus
Which cell type is most closely associated with cell-mediated immunity?
T cell
Which of the following characterize B cells?
They function in antibody mediated immunity against bacteria. They directly recognize antigens and undergo clonal selection. They are manufactured and mature in the bone marrow.
Which of the following statements are true regarding T cells?
They mature in the thymus. They have T cell receptors on their surface.
A typical antibody molecule is composed of four polypeptides, each of which has constant region and a ___ region
variable
Which of the following immunodeficiency disorders could possibly be treated or prevented by gene therapy during the embryological stage?
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
A single antibody molecule is usually represented as having the shape of the letter
Y
Select all examples of active immunity.
a child produces an immune response to MMR vaccine proliferation of T cells in a person with a viral infection recovery from a cold due to an antibody response
Immunity that one is not born with but must develop is termed
acquired immunity
When an individual produces his or her own immune response, for example to a microorganism or a vaccine, it is called ___ immunity
active
Which type of immunity is characterized by the production of receptors that will bind to specific antigens?
adaptive
The type of immunity involving B and T cells is
adaptive immunity
An abnormal immune response to substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair, that usually are not harmful to the body is called a(n)
allergy
The presence of antibodies in a newborn baby is most often due to
antibodies that crossed the placenta from the mother's blood
Another term for the secreted form of a B-cell receptor is a(n)
antibody
Molecules that bind very specifically to receptors on the surfaces of B and T lymphocytes are called ___
antigens
Which of the following are events that play a direct role in the clonal selection of a B cell?
antigens combine with the BCRs of specific B cells helper T cells secrete cytokines B cells "selected" by antigen undergo clonal expansion
Cytokines
are soluble proteins that act as signaling molecules to stimulate white blood cells
Antibody mediated immunity is also called humoral immunity, because antibodies are present in both ___ and ___ (fluids)
blood, lymph
Maturation of B cells occurs in the
bone marrow
Which of the following organisms is helping scientists better understand the evolution of the immune system because they have a unique feature during their lifecycle?
cellular slime molds
The ___ selection theory states that each B-cell receptor or T cell receptor binds to only a single antigen
clonal
A group of plasma proteins that help destroy pathogens by promoting inflammation, binding to surfaces of some pathogens, and by forming membrane attack complexes are collectively called a
complement
A failure in the lymphatic valves located in the left subclavian vein may result in
edema in the left arm and left ventral chest wall