Chapter 36 - Coronary Artery Disease (Questions)
The nurse is admitting a client to the emergency department with severe chest pain and gives the following list of medications taken at home to the nurse. Which of the following medications has the most immediate implications for the client's care? a. Sildenafil b. Furosemide c. Diazepam d. Captopril
ANS: A The nurse will need to avoid giving nitrates to the client because nitrate administration is contraindicated in clients who are using sildenafil because of the risk of sudden death caused by vasodilation. The other home medications also should be documented and reported to the health care provider but do not have as immediate an impact on decisions about the client's treatment.
The nurse is admitting a client who has chest pain is to the emergency department and all the following diagnostic tests are prescribed. Which of the following tests should the nurse arrange to be completed first? a. Electrocardiogram (ECG) b. Computed tomography (CT) scan c. Chest x-ray d. Troponin level
ANS: A The priority for the client is to determine whether an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is occurring so that reperfusion therapy can begin as quickly as possible. ECG changes occur very rapidly after coronary artery occlusion. Troponin levels will increase after about 3 hours. Data from the CT scan and chest x-ray may impact the client's care but are not helpful in determining whether the client is experiencing a myocardial infarction (MI).
Which of the following statements made by a client with coronary artery disease after the nurse has completed teaching about nutritional therapy for CAD indicates that further teaching is needed? a. "I will switch from whole milk to 1% or nonfat milk." b. "I like fresh salmon and I will plan to eat it more often." c. "I will miss being able to eat peanut butter sandwiches." d. "I can have a cup of coffee with breakfast if I want one."
ANS: C Although only 30% of the daily calories should come from fats, most of the fat should come from monosaturated fats such as are found in nuts, olive oil, and canola oil. The client can include peanut butter sandwiches as part of their diet. The other client comments indicate a good understanding of diet.
Three days after a myocardial infarction (MI), the client develops chest pain that increases when taking a deep breath and is relieved by leaning forward. Which of the following actions should the nurse take next? a. Palpate the radial pulses bilaterally. b. Assess the feet for peripheral edema. c. Auscultate for a pericardial friction rub. d. Check the cardiac monitor for dysrhythmias.
ANS: C The client's symptoms are consistent with the development of pericarditis, a possible complication of MI. The other assessments listed are not consistent with the description of the client's symptoms.
The nurse is caring for a client who has had severe chest pain for several hours and a diagnosis of possible acute myocardial infarction. Which of the following prescribed laboratory tests should the nurse monitor to help determine the diagnosis? a. Homocysteine b. C-reactive protein c. Cardiac-specific troponin I and troponin T d. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
ANS: C Troponin levels increase about 3-12 hours after the onset of myocardial infarction (MI). The other laboratory data are useful in determining the client's risk for developing coronary artery disease (CAD) but are not helpful in determining whether an acute MI is in progress.
The nurse is caring for a client with angina who has been prescribed nadolol. Which of the following parameters should the nurse assess to determine whether the drug is effective? a. Decreased blood pressure and apical pulse rate b. Fewer complaints of having cold hands and feet c. Improvement in the quality of the peripheral pulses d. The ability to do daily activities without chest discomfort
ANS: D Because the medication is ordered to improve the client's angina, effectiveness is indicated if the client is able to accomplish daily activities without chest pain. Blood pressure (BP) and apical pulse rate may decrease, but these data do not indicate that the goal of decreased angina has been met. The noncardioselective b-blockers can cause peripheral vasoconstriction, so the nurse would not expect an improvement in peripheral pulse quality or skin temperature.
Which of the following electrocardiographic (ECG) change is most important for the nurse to communicate to the health care provider when caring for a client with chest pain? a. Frequent premature atrial contractions (PACs) b. Inverted P wave c. Sinus tachycardia d. ST segment elevation
ANS: D The client is likely to be experiencing an ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and immediate therapy with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or fibrinolytic medications is indicated to minimize the amount of myocardial damage. The other ECG changes also may suggest a need for therapy, but not as rapidly.
The nurse is caring for a client with acute coronary syndrome who has returned to the coronary care unit after having percutaneous coronary intervention and the nurse obtains these assessment data. Which of the following data indicate the need for immediate intervention by the nurse? a. Pedal pulses 1+ b. Heart rate 100 beats/minute c. Blood pressure 104/56 mm Hg d. Chest pain level 8 on a 10-point scale
ANS: D The client's chest pain indicates that restenosis of the coronary artery may be occurring and requires immediate actions, such as administration of oxygen and nitroglycerin, by the nurse. The other information indicates a need for ongoing assessments by the nurse.
Which of the following causes is the most common cause for sudden cardiac death? a. Ventricular tachycardia b. Aortic stenosis c. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy d. Angina
ANS: A Acute ventricular dysrhythmias (e.g., ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) cause the majority of cases of SCD. Less commonly, SCD occurs because of a primary left ventricular outflow obstruction (e.g., aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) or extreme slowing of the heart (bradycardia).
The nurse is providing teaching to a client about the use of atenolol in preventing anginal episodes. Which of the following client statements indicate that the teaching has been effective? a. "It is important not to suddenly stop taking the atenolol." b. "Atenolol will increase the strength of my heart muscle." c. "I can expect to feel short of breath when taking atenolol." d. "Atenolol will improve the blood flow to my coronary arteries."
ANS: A Clients who have been taking b-blockers can develop intense and frequent angina if the medication is suddenly discontinued. Atenolol decreases myocardial contractility. Shortness of breath that occurs when taking b-blockers for angina may be due to bronchospasm and should be reported to the health care provider. Atenolol works by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand, not by increasing blood flow to the coronary arteries.
The nurse is admitting a client with a myocardial infarction (MI) to the intensive care unit. Which of the following actions should the nurse carry out first? a. Obtain the blood pressure. b. Attach the cardiac monitor. c. Assess the peripheral pulses. d. Auscultate the breath sounds.
ANS: B Because dysrhythmias are the most common complication of MI, the first action should be to place the client on a cardiac monitor. The other actions also are important and should be accomplished as quickly as possible.
Which of the following information about a client who has been receiving fibrinolytic therapy for an acute myocardial infarction is most important for the nurse to communicate to the health care provider? a. No change in the client's chest pain b. A large bruise at the client's IV insertion site c. A decrease in ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) d. An increase in cardiac enzyme levels since admission
ANS: A Continued chest pain suggests that the fibrinolytic therapy is not effective and that other interventions such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be needed. Bruising is a possible adverse effect of fibrinolytic therapy, but it is not an indication that therapy should be discontinued. The decrease of the ST segment elevation indicates that fibrinolysis is occurring and perfusion is returning to the injured myocardium. An increase in cardiac enzyme levels is expected with reperfusion and is related to the washout of enzymes into the circulation as the blocked vessel is opened.
The nurse is caring for a client who has recently started taking rosuvastatin and niacin who reports all of these symptoms to the nurse. Which of the following finding is most important to communicate to the health care provider? a. Generalized muscle aches and weakness b. Skin flushing after taking the medications c. Dizziness when changing positions quickly d. Nausea when taking the drugs before eating
ANS: A Muscle aches and weakness may indicate myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, which have caused acute renal failure and death in some clients who have taken the statin medications. These symptoms indicate that the rosuvastatin may need to be discontinued. The other symptoms are common adverse effects when taking niacin, and although the nurse should follow up with the client, they do not indicate that a change in medication is needed.
Four days after having a myocardial infarction (MI), a client who is scheduled for discharge asks for assistance with all the daily activities, saying, "I don't understand how to care for myself." Based on this information, which of the following nursing diagnoses is appropriate? a. Ineffective health management related to insufficient knowledge b. Activity intolerance related to physical deconditioning c. Ineffective denial related to ineffective coping strategies d. Social isolation related to insufficient personal resources
ANS: A The client data indicate ineffective health management related to lack of knowledge of disease process, and care after discharge. The other nursing diagnoses may be appropriate for some clients after an MI, but the data for this client do not support denial, activity intolerance, or social isolation.
The nurse is evaluating the outcomes of preoperative teaching with a client scheduled for a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) using the internal mammary artery. Which of the following client statements indicates that additional teaching is needed? a. "I will have incisions in my leg where they will remove the vein." b. "They will circulate my blood with a machine during the surgery." c. "I will need to take an Aspirin a day after the surgery to keep the graft open." d. "They will use an artery near my heart to bypass the area that is obstructed."
ANS: A When the internal mammary artery is used there is no need to have a saphenous vein removed from the leg. The other statements by the client are accurate and indicate that the teaching has been effective.
Which of the following information collected by the nurse who is admitting a client with chest pain suggests that the pain is caused by an acute myocardial infarction? a. The pain increases with deep breathing. b. The pain has persisted longer than 30 minutes. c. The pain worsens when the client raises the arms. d. The pain is relieved after the client takes nitroglycerin.
ANS: B Chest pain that lasts for 20 minutes or more is characteristic of an acute myocardial infarction. Changes in pain that occur with raising the arms or with deep breathing are more typical of pericarditis or musculo-skeletal pain. Stable angina is usually relieved when the client takes nitroglycerin.
The nurse is caring for a client who was admitted the previous day to the coronary care unit with an acute myocardial infarction. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching plan for the client? a. Typical emotional responses to AMI b. When client cardiac rehabilitation will begin. c. Discharge drugs such as Aspirin and b-blockers. d. The pathophysiology of coronary artery disease.
ANS: B Early after an AMI, the client will want to know when resumption of usual activities can be expected. At this time, the client's anxiety level or denial will prevent good understanding of complex information such as coronary artery disease (CAD) pathophysiology. Teaching about discharge medications should be done when the time for discharge is closer. The nurse should support the client by decreasing anxiety rather than discussing the typical emotional response to myocardial infarction (MI).
A client with ST segment elevation in several electrocardiographic (ECG) leads is admitted to the emergency department (ED) and diagnosed as having an ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Which of the following questions should the nurse ask to determine whether the client is a candidate for fibrinolytic therapy? a. "Do you take Aspirin on a daily basis?" b. "What time did your chest pain begin?" c. "Is there any family history of heart disease?" d. "Can you describe the quality of your chest pain?"
ANS: B Fibrinolytic therapy should be started within 6 hours of the onset of the myocardial infarction (MI), so the time at which the chest pain started is a major determinant of the appropriateness of this treatment. The other information also will be needed, but it will not be a factor in the decision about fibrinolytic therapy.
The nurse is caring for a client who has survived a sudden cardiac death (SCD) event and has no evidence of an acute myocardial infarction. Which of the following information should the nurse teach the client? a. That sudden cardiac death events rarely reoccur b. About the purpose of outpatient Holter monitoring c. How to self-administer low-molecular-weight heparin d. To limit activities after discharge to prevent future events
ANS: B Holter monitoring is used to determine whether the client is experiencing dysrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia during normal daily activities. SCD is likely to recur. Heparin will not have any effect on the incidence of SCD, and SCD can occur even when the client is resting.
The nurse is caring for a client with newly diagnosed Prinzmetal's (variant) angina and has a prescription for amlodipine. Which of the following information is accurate about amlodipine? a. Reduce the "fight or flight" response b. Decrease spasm of the coronary arteries c. Increase the force of myocardial contraction d. Help prevent clotting in the coronary arteries
ANS: B Prinzmetal's angina is caused by coronary artery spasm. Calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine, nifedipine) are a first-line therapy for this type of angina. Platelet inhibitors, such as Aspirin, help prevent coronary artery thrombosis, and b-blockers decrease sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Medications or activities that increase myocardial contractility will increase the incidence of angina by increasing oxygen demand.
The nurse is caring for a client who has had an acute myocardial infarction and the client asks the nurse about when sexual intercourse can be resumed. Which of the following responses by the nurse is best? a. "Most clients are able to enjoy intercourse without any complications." b. "Sexual activity uses about as much energy as climbing two flights of stairs." c. "The doctor will discuss sexual intercourse when your heart is strong enough." d. "Holding and cuddling are good ways to maintain intimacy after a heart attack."
ANS: B Sexual activity places about as much physical stress on the cardiovascular system as climbing two flights of stairs. The other responses do not directly address the client's question, or may not be accurate for this client.
Which of the following approaches to preventing a recurrence of sudden cardiac death is the most common? a. Long-term Aspirin therapy b. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator c. Administration of amiodarone d. Continuous Holter monitoring
ANS: B The most common approach to preventing a recurrence is the use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Research has shown survival rates are better with an ICD than with drug therapy alone. Drug therapy with amiodarone may be used in conjunction with an ICD to decrease episodes of ventricular dysrhythmias. Continuous monitoring will not prevent a recurrence. Aspirin will not prevent a recurrence of SCD.
The nurse is caring for a client who is 3 days post myocardial infarction and the client states, "I just had a little chest pain. As soon as I get out of here, I'm going for my vacation as planned." Which of the following responses should the nurse make? a. "Where are you planning to go for your vacation?" b. "What do you think caused your chest pain episode?" c. "Sometimes plans need to change after a heart attack." d. "Recovery from a heart attack takes at least a few weeks."
ANS: B When the client is experiencing denial, the nurse should assist the client in testing reality until the client has progressed beyond this step of the emotional adjustment to MI. Asking the client about vacation plans reinforces the client's plan, which is not appropriate in the immediate post-MI period. Reminding the client in denial about the MI is likely to make the client angry and lead to distrust of the nursing staff.
Following an acute myocardial infarction, a client ambulates in the hospital hallway. When the nurse is evaluating the client's response, which of the following assessment data would indicate that the exercise level should be decreased? a. BP changes from 118/60 to 126/68 mm Hg. b. Oxygen saturation drops from 100% to 98%. c. Heart rate increases from 66 to 90 beats/minute. d. Respiratory rate goes from 14 to 22 breaths/minute.
ANS: C A change in heart rate of more than 20 beats or more indicates that the client should stop and rest. The increases in BP and respiratory rate, and the slight decrease in oxygen saturation, are normal responses to exercise.
To assist the client with coronary artery disease (CAD) in making appropriate dietary changes, which of the following nursing interventions will be most effective? a. Instruct the client that a diet containing no saturated fat and minimal sodium will be necessary. b. Emphasize the increased risk for cardiac problems unless the client makes the dietary changes. c. Assist the client to modify favourite high-fat recipes by using polyunsaturated oils when possible. d. Provide the client with a list of low-sodium, low-cholesterol foods that should be included in the diet.
ANS: C Lifestyle changes are more likely to be successful when consideration is given to the client's values and preferences. The highest percentage of calories from fat should come from polyunsaturated fats. Although low-sodium and low-cholesterol foods are appropriate, providing the client with a list alone is not likely to be successful in making dietary changes. Removing saturated fat from the diet completely is not a realistic expectation. Telling the client about the increased risk without assisting further with strategies for dietary change is unlikely to be successful.
The nurse is administering a fibrinolytic agent to a client with an acute myocardial infarction. Which of the following assessments should cause the nurse to stop the drug infusion? a. Bleeding from the gums b. Surface bleeding from the IV site c. A decrease in level of consciousness d. A nonsustained episode of ventricular tachycardia
ANS: C The change in level of consciousness indicates that the client may be experiencing intracranial bleeding, a possible complication of fibrinolytic therapy. Bleeding of the gums and prolonged bleeding from IV sites are expected adverse effects of the therapy. The nurse should address these by avoiding any further injuries, but they are not an indication to stop infusion of the fibrinolytic medication. A nonsustained episode of ventricular tachycardia is a common reperfusion dysrhythmia and may indicate that the therapy is effective.
The nurse is providing teaching to a client about use of sublingual nitroglycerin. Which of the following client statements indicates that the teaching has been effective? a. "I can expect indigestion as an adverse effect of nitroglycerin." b. "I can only take the nitroglycerin if I start to have chest pain." c. "I will call an ambulance if I still have pain 5 minutes after taking the nitroglycerin." d. "I will help slow down the progress of the plaque formation by taking nitroglycerin."
ANS: C The emergency medical services (EMS) system should be activated when chest pain or other symptoms are not completely relieved 5 minutes after taking one nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin can be taken to prevent chest pain or other symptoms from developing (e.g., before intercourse). Gastric upset is not an expected adverse effect of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin does not impact the underlying pathophysiology of coronary artery atherosclerosis.
The nurse has just received a change-of-shift report about the following four clients. Which client should the nurse assess first? a. 38-year-old who has pericarditis and is complaining of sharp, stabbing chest pain b. 45-year-old who had a myocardial infarction (MI) 4 days ago and is anxious about the planned discharge c. 51-year-old with unstable angina who has just returned to the unit after having a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) d. 60-year-old with variant angina who is to receive a scheduled dose of nifedipine (Adalat)
ANS: C This client is at risk for bleeding from the arterial access site for the PCI, so the nurse should assess the client's blood pressure, pulse, and the access site immediately. The other clients also should be assessed as quickly as possible, but assessment of this client has the highest priority.
The nurse is developing a health teaching plan for a 60-year-old man with the following risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Which of the following risk factors should the nurse focus on when teaching the client? a. Family history of coronary artery disease b. Increased risk associated with the client's gender c. High incidence of cardiovascular disease in older people d. Elevation of the client's serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) level
ANS: D Because family history, gender, and age are nonmodifiable risk factors, the nurse should focus on the client's LDL level. Decreases in LDL will help reduce the client's risk for developing CAD.
Which of the following information given by a client admitted with chronic stable angina will help the nurse confirm this diagnosis? a. The client rates the pain at a level 3-5 (0-10 scale). b. The client states that the pain "wakes me up at night." c. The client says that the frequency of the pain has increased over the last few weeks. d. The client states that the pain is resolved after taking one sublingual nitroglycerin tablet.
ANS: D Chronic stable angina is typically relieved by rest or nitroglycerin administration. The level of pain is not a consistent indicator of the type of angina. Pain occurring at rest or with increased frequency is typical of unstable angina.
The nurse will suspect that the client with stable angina is experiencing an adverse effect of the prescribed metoprolol if which of the following findings are assessed? a. The client is restless and agitated. b. The blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg. c. The client complains about feeling anxious. d. The cardiac monitor shows a heart rate of 45.
ANS: D Clients taking b-adrenergic blockers should be monitored for bradycardia. Because this category of medication inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, restlessness, agitation, hypertension, and anxiety will not be adverse effects.
The nurse is caring for a client with a non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) who is receiving heparin. Which of the following information explains the purpose of the heparin? a. Platelet aggregation is enhanced by IV heparin infusion. b. Heparin will dissolve the clot that is blocking blood flow to the heart. c. Coronary artery plaque size and adherence are decreased with heparin. d. Heparin will prevent the development of new clots in the coronary arteries.
ANS: D Heparin helps prevent the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and decreases coronary artery thrombosis. It does not change coronary artery plaque, dissolve already formed clots, or enhance platelet aggregation.
The nurse is caring for a client with hyperlipidemia who has a new prescription for colestipol. Which of the following nursing actions is best when giving the medication? a. Administer the medication at the client's bedtime. b. Have the client take this medication with an Aspirin. c. Encourage the client to take the colestipol with a sip of water. d. Give the client's other medications 2 hours after the colestipol.
ANS: D The bile acid sequestrants interfere with the absorption of other drugs, and giving other medications at the same time should be avoided. Taking an Aspirin concurrently with the colestipol may increase the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects such as heartburn. An increased fluid intake is encouraged for clients taking the bile acid sequestrants to reduce the risk for constipation. For maximum effect, colestipol should be administered with meals.
The nurse is providing teaching to a client with chronic stable angina about how to use the prescribed short-acting and long-acting nitrates. Which of the following client statements indicates that the teaching has been effective? a. "I will put on the nitroglycerin patch as soon as I develop any chest pain." b. "I will check the pulse rate in my wrist just before I take any nitroglycerin." c. "I will be sure to remove the nitroglycerin patch before using any sublingual nitroglycerin." d. "I will stop what I am doing and sit down before I put the nitroglycerin under my tongue."
ANS: D The client should sit down before taking the nitroglycerin to decrease cardiac workload and prevent orthostatic hypotension. Transdermal nitrates are used prophylactically rather than to treat acute pain and can be used concurrently with sublingual nitroglycerin. Although the nurse should check blood pressure before giving nitroglycerin, clients do not need to check the pulse rate before taking nitrates.
The nurse obtains the following data when caring for a client who experienced an acute myocardial infarction 2 days previously. Which of the following information is most important to report to the health care provider? a. The client denies ever having a heart attack. b. The cardiac-specific troponin level is elevated. c. The client has occasional premature atrial contractions (PACs). d. Crackles are auscultated bilaterally in the mid-lower lobes.
ANS: D The crackles indicate that the client may be developing heart failure, a possible complication of myocardial infarction (MI). The health care provider may need to order medications such as diuretics or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for the client. Elevation in cardiac troponin level at this time is expected. PACs are not life-threatening dysrhythmias. Denial is a common response in the immediate period after the MI.
The nurse is administering IV nitroglycerin to a client with a myocardial infarction (MI). Which of the following actions should the nurse take to evaluate the effectiveness of the medication? a. Check blood pressure. b. Monitor apical pulse rate. c. Monitor for dysrhythmias. d. Ask about chest discomfort.
ANS: D The goal of IV nitroglycerin administration in MI is relief of chest pain by improving the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The nurse also will monitor heart rate and BP and observe for dysrhythmias, but these parameters will not indicate whether the medication is effective.
The nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a prescription for transdermal nitroglycerin drug administration via reservoir. The client asks the nurse how often each day will the drug be administered. Which of the following information is the basis for the nurse's response? a. Every 4 hours while awake b. Every 6 hours around the clock c. Every 12 hours d. Once every 24 hours
ANS: D The reservoir system delivers the drug using a rate-controlled permeable membrane. The reservoir delivery system offers the advantage of steady plasma levels within the therapeutic range during 24 hours; thus, only one application a day is necessary.
