Chapter 38 - Classical Perspectives on Personality

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

_______________ test ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.

Projective

How might Rogers explain how environment influences the development of a criminal?

Rogers might assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept.

The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called __________ ___________ ____________.

Unconditional positive regard

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? a.) repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events b.) schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations c.) Stereotypes that affect our information processing d.) instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills.

a.) repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events

Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about: a.) the existence of unconscious mental processes b.) oedipus complex c.) the predictive value of Freudian Theory d.) the superego's rule

a.) the existence of unconscious mental processes

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our _________________

anxity

According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflict unresolved at any stage may lead to: a.) dormant sexual feelings b.) fixation at that stage c.) preconscious blocking of impulses. d.) a distorted gender identity

b.) fixation at that stage

According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive system, the ___________, seeks to gratify the impulses pf the __________ in more acceptable ways. a.) id;ego b.)ego;superego c.) ego;id d.) id; superego

c.) ego;id

Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychology needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based is ideas on: a.) Freudian theory b.) his experiences with patients c.) a series of laboratory experiments d.) his study of healthy, creative people.

d.) his study of healthy, creative people.

In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on: a.) development throughout the life span. b.) the collective unconscious c.) the role of the Id d.) social interactions

d.) social interactions

according to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the _______________ operates on the reality principle and tries to calance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ______________ operated on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the ________ represents the voice of out internalized ideals (our conscience).

ego id superego

in the psychoanalytic view, conflict unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ____________ at that stage

fixation

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called ___________________.

repression

Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the ____________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.

superego

psychsexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral,ana,phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Freud believed that our defense mechanism operate (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against____________________.

unconsciously anxiety

humanisitic theories

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

psychodynamic theories

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences