Chapter. 4

Valence is defined as what in expectancy theory?

Valence is the value that a person places on an outcome (e.g., how important it is to perform better on the job).

So exactly does expectancy theory work?

Well, trainees choose their behavior based on their expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. So if you times that all together it will equal the amount of effort you put into learning. (expectancy x instrumentality x valence = effort)

Goal orienation

refers to the goals held by a trainee in a learning situation.

What is andragogy?

the theory of adult learning

Malcolm Knowles model assumes what about adults in regards to adult learning?

1) Adults have the need to know why they are learning something. 2) Adults have a need to be self-directed 3) Adults bring more work-related experience into the learning situation. 4) Adults enter a learning experience with a problem-centered approach to learning. 5) Adults are motivated to learn both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators.

The Learning cycle includes which of the following four stages?

1) Concrete Experience 2) Reflective observation 3) abstract conceptualization 4) Active experimentation A trainee encounters a concrete experience (e.g. a work problem), this is followed by thinking (reflective observation), which leads to the generation of ideas of how to solve the problem (abstract conceptualization) and finally to implementation of the ideas directly to the problem (active experimentation).

List three steps a trainer can use to enhance trainees motivation:

1) Encourage trainees to develop a strategy through metacognition (refers to an individuals control over his or her own thoughts and learning processes) and self control (learners' involvement with the training material and assessing their progress towards learning)> 2) Provide advance organizers 3) create realistic expectations 4) Help trainees set realistic but challenging goals.

A training objective has three components

1) Performance or outcome (a condition of what the employee is supposed to do ) 2) Criterion (statement of the quality or level of performance that is acceptable) 3) Conditions (a statement of the conditions under which the trainee is expected to perform the desired outcome. Note that the objective SHOULD NOT describe performance that CANNOT be ovserved.

How can a persons self-efficacy be increased in social learning theory?

1) Verbal persuasion- offering words of encouragement 2) Logical verification- perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered 3) Modeling 4) Past accomplishments

The learning outcome attitude is made up of what three components?

1) cognitive component (beliefs): self-efficacy, I am capable. 2) affective component (feeling): person likes their job 3) intentional component (the way a person intends to behave with regards to the focus of an attitude. (e.g., I will stay at this company because I like it)

According to social learning theory, learning new behaviors or skills comes from:

1) directly experiencing the consequences of using that behavior or skill 2) the process of observing others and seeing the consequences of their behavior.

In regards to employees and positive reinforcement, an organization or trainer can utilize the following positive reinforcement for participating or learning content in a training?

1) job-related: learning an easier or more interesting way to do their job. 2) personal- meeting other employees who can serve as a resource when problems occur. 3) career-related: increasing opportunities to consider new positions in the company.

What two orientations does goal orientation include?

1) learning orientation- relates to trying to increase one's ability or competence in a task. (errors and mistakes are part of the learning process). 2) Performance orientation- refer to learners who focus on task performance and how they compare to others. (success is defined as high performance; errors and mistakes cause anxiety).

There are three theories that fall under the transfer of training theory that have implications for the training environment. What are they?

1) the theory of identical elements 2) the stimulus generalization approach 3) cognitive theory of transfer

Learning outcomes are made up of what?

1) verbal information 2) intellectual skills 3) motor skills 4) attitudes 5) cognitive strategies

What conditions need to be present for employees to learn and to use what they learned on the job?

1)there needs to be opportunity for trainees to practice and receive feedback. 2) training content needs to be meaningful. 3) the program/organization needs to identify any prerequisites required by the trainees in order to complete the program successfully 4) Providing opportunities for employees to learn through observation and experience. 5) ensuring that the work environment supports learning and the use of learned skills on the job.

What is expectancy?

Beliefs about the link between trying to perform a behavior and actually performing well are called expectancy. (Expectancy is similar to self-efficacy)

Information Processing Theory

Compared to the other learning theories, this specific theory gives more emphasis to the internal processes that occur when training content is learned and retained. So basically -- how senses such as sound and sight trigger your brain to recall info).

Overlearning

Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it.

Stimulus generalization approach emphasizes which type of transfer?

Far Transfer (trainees ability to learn skills and capabilities that can be transferred to the work environment, even if it is not identical to the session.

In expectancy theory, a belief that performing a given behavior (e.g. attending a training program) is associated with a particular outcome (e.g., being able to better perform your job) is called

Instrumentality

For more complex task, what is superior massed or spaced practice?

Massed

Need Theories

Need theories help explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes. A need is a deficiency, a gap, that a person is experiencing at any point in time. Need theories suggest that to motivate learning, trainers should identify trainee's needs and communicate how training program content relates to fulfilling these needs.

Social Learning Theory

People learn by observing other people who they believe are credible and knowledgeable.

Transfer of Training

Refers to trainees effectively and continually applying what they have learned in training to their jobs.

Behavior modification falls under which learning theory?

Reinforcement theory

Behavior modeling training is influenced by which learning theory?

Social learning theory

Expectancy Theory:

Suggests that peron's behavior is based on 3 factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Cognitive Theory of Transfer is based on which theory ?

The Information Processing Theory

Near transfer is what and found in which transfer of training theory?

The theory of identical elements and near transfer refers to trainees' ability to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work situation.

Key Behaviors:

a set of behaviors that can be used successfully in a wide variety of situations.

Attitudes

are a combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to behave a certain way.

In transfer of training theory, open skills refer to what?

are linked to more general learning principles like customer service skills or conflict management skills. (no single correct way to use them).

Goal Setting Theory

assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions. Goals influence a person's behavior by directing energy and attention, sustaining effort over time, and motivating the person to develop strategies for goal attainment.

According to social learning theory, what 4 processes are involved in learning?

attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivational processes

Reinforcement Theory

emphasizes that people are motivated through positive or negative reinforcement to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from these behaviors.

Motor Skills

coordination or physical movements

Error management training

giving trainees opportunities to make errors during training. Error management is beneficial because it allows employees to engage in metacognition.

Intellectual Skills

includes concepts and rules, which are critical to solve problems, serve customers, and create products. (e.g., knowing what steps are part of a needs assessment)

Verbal info

includes specialized knowledge that employees need in their job (e.g., labels, facts, bodies of knowledge)

Learning

refers to a relative permanent change in human capabilities that can include knowledge, competencies, skills, attitudes, behavior that are NOT the results of a normal growth process.

Overall task complexity

refers to the degree to which a task requires a number of distinct behaviors, the number of choices involved in performing the behavior, degree of uncertainty in performing the task.

Physical Requirements

refers to the degree to which the task requires the person to use or demonstrate physical skills and abilities to perform and complete the task.

Mental Requirements

refers to the degree to which the task requires the subject to use or demonstrate mental skills or cognitive skills or abilities to perform the task.

Fidelity is what and found in which transfer of training theory?

refers to the extent to which the training environment is similar to the work environment and is found under the theory of identical elements.

Cognitive strategies

regulate the process of learning; how to remember info, what info to focus on, and how to solve problems.

The Cognitive Theory of Transfer basically states what?

the likelihood of transfer is increased by providing trainees with meaningful material that enhances the chances that they will link what they encounter in the work environment to the learned capability.

training context

the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs.

Generalization

trainee's ability to apply what has been learned to on-the-job work problems and situations that are similar but do not necessarily need to be identical to problems and situations they encountered in their training.

Maintenance

trainees continuing to use what they learned over time after the program has ended.

In transfer of training theory, closed skills refer to what?

training objectives that are linked to specific skills, are to be produced identically by the trainee on the job, and have only 1 right answer.

Transfer of Training theory

transfer of training is more likely occur with near transfer experiences (tasks worked on training are similar to real life events) and are more difficult with far transfer (task during training are different from the work environment.

Stimulus generalization approach

transfer of training occurs when training emphasizes the most important features of a task or general principles that can be used to complete a task or solve a problem.

Learning outcomes in training refers to

what is required to perform the job sucessfully.