Chapter 4: Cultural & Developmental Processes

Describe Piaget's theory in cross cultural perspective

stages occur in same order across cultures. -variations in stages in which children in different societies reach stage 3 and 4 -in some cultures very few people complete fourth stage of piagets tasks. (universality questioning) -Considerable variation in order in which children aquire specific skills within piaget's stages. -different societies value and reward different skills and behaviours. (ie scientific reasoning vs relational skills, appreciation of poetry)

what are the differences observed among cultures related to socialization?

meaning of "competent" and "productive"

What is moral?

types of rules. -applies to everyone , cannot be changed; based on values.

What is morality heavily influenced by?

underlying, subjective, implicit culture.

What are three general cultural factors that influence development?

-quality of life (physical and social setting). -Norms , customs, of child care & childrearing. -parental values and expectations (psychology of the caregivers).

Why is socialization so important?

-Individual survival & development of human potential. -learning skills. -survival & order/stability of society. -existing social structures are maintained through members of society (macrolevel). -makes sense that content of socialization differs from culture to culture.

What are examples r/t quality of life that influence an individuals development?

-availability of food, resources, education, healthcare, conflict,living conditions (e.g. extended family in collectivist cultures)

Describe Piaget's approach to Cognitive development

-child as motivator explorer. -develop thinking as they act on environment. -believed children move through 4 stages of development between infancy & adolescence. -processes of assimulation & accomodation responsible for cognitive development.

What is Eriksons 8 Psychosocial stages critisized for?

-defining healthy individual in accordance with Judeo-Christian ethic values & institutions (e.g. choice of identity vs prescribed) -prescribes what should be , not what is. -Sequence not universal (e.g. adulthood & generativity, but may just be survival; immigrant populations; idetity in adulthood) -social maturation = independence but what about collectivist cultures?

What are examples of agents of socialization?

-persons. -groups. -institutions. -family. -day cares. -workplace. -religion. -school and peer groups.

What are the contributions of Eriksons 8 Psychosocial stages?

-stage continue through to adulthood , old age, death. -Emphasis on cultural forces & development through life course. -Focus on development in context of changes in social environment.

Identify and describe 3 general cultural factors?

...

What are the 8 psychosocial stages of development?

1.basic trust vs mistrust. 2.Autonomy vs shame and doubt 3.initiative vs guilt. 4.Industry vs inferiority. 5.ego identity vs role confusion. 6.intamacy vs isolation. 7.generativity vs stagnation. 8.ego integrity vs despair.

what aspects of Kohlbergs theory are universal?

1st stage

What did Erikson's Psychosocial Perspective of Personality identify?

8 psychosocial stages of development

According to Erkisons Psychosocial Perspective of Personality , what does a healthy personality possess?

8 virtues.

what is each stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Perspective of Personality accompanied by?

Each stage is accompanied by a crisis involving transitions in social relationships.

How do the 8 virtues of a healthy personality emerge according to Eriksons Psychosocial Perspective of Personality?

Emerge from positive resolution at each stage of development. -reversible

Who created the three ethics approach to moral reasoning?

Jenson

What are the three forms of morality in Kohlberg's theory?

Preconventional morality: compliance with rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards (could get caught). Conventional morality: conformity to rules defined by others, approval of societies rules (it's against the law) postconventional morality: moral reasoning on basis of individual principles and conscience (life prevails)

In what stage of Piagets 4 stages of development do children around 2 begin to use language & other symbols?

Preoperational stage 2

Describe Piaget's 4 stages to development

Sensoriomotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

what are examples of parental values & expectations that can influence an individuals development?

US mothers expect assertiveness earlier; Japanese others expect emotional control & courtesy. Preffered characteristics (e.g. agression & disruptive behaviour view negatively in US ; in Japan, social insensitivity , uncooperativeness.)

Where are three ethics approach to moral reasoning seen?

all 3 seen around the world; no one more advanced than the other (eithics of autonomy, ethics of community, eithics of divinity)

What age are children in the Concrete Operational stage?

around 7, the ability to perceive causal relationships

What does ethics of divinity emphasize?

centrality of religious beliefs and spirituality in moral reasoning

define development

changes in psychological & social behaviour experienced by individuals across the lifespan.

What is the difference between conventional and personal morals?

conventional applies to certain groups; changeable; based on agreed-upon norms. Personal applies to individualism, changeable, based on preference of specific person.

What does ethic of autonomy emphasize (1/3 ethics approach to moral reasoning)?

emphasizes individual rights and justice

What does ethics of community emphasize (1/3 ethics approach to moral reasoning)?

emphasizes interpersonal relationships and community

What are examples of norms, customs and child care that influence an individuals development?

gender roles, co sleeping, parenting style (authoritarian associated with collectivism)

what does morality serve as a basis for?

laws; thus culture as affects laws of society.

What are the important functions of socialization?

life long process of social interaction though which individuals acquire : -self identity. -personality. -physical/mental/social skill needed for survival of society.

what are the concerns relating to Kohlberg's theory of morality?

limited generalization of Kohlberg's highest stage (post conventional) -based on hypothesis stages and american scenarios -developmental stages based on written values (individualism, free will, choice versus existing traditions) -judgements may not reflect moral development. -different for collectivist societies (emphasize norms & conformity, not independence)

Why is socialization constant across cultures?

people wish to become competent productive adults

What do moral principles and ethics provide guidelines for?

peoples behaviours (appropriate vs non-appropriate)

Define Socialization

process by which we learn & internalize patterns & rule of society (norms, attitudes, values, beliefs) -process and mechanisms by which we learn the rules.

Define Enculturation

process of youngsters learning, & adopting ways & manners of their culture. -refers to the products of socialization process (subjective, psychological, internalized aspect of culture)

define Conservation?

refers to idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when outward appearance changes.