Chapter 4 Grade 11 Biology
T goes with ___
A
Haploid
A cell with a single set of chromosomes
Trait
A characteristic of an organism
Duplication
A chromosomal change that occurs when part of a chromosome is repeated
Trisomy
A condition in which an individual has three copies of a particular chromosome
Down syndrome
A condition in which the individual carries an extra copy of chromosome 21
Karyotype
A display of all the chromosomes in a cell or individual
Zygote
A fertilized egg cell
Developmental disability
A lifelong
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
A molecule that composes genetic material
Amniocentesis
A prenatal screening procedure preformed between weeks 14 and 20 of pregnancy
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
A procedure used for fetal testing
A Nitrogenous Base
A single or double ring of carbon or nitrogen atoms
Meiosis
A specialized type of cell division that sexual reproduction depends on
A cell plate
A structure that forms inside the plant cell undergoing mitosis . It contains new cell membrane and cell wall material
Autosomal
All other chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
Crossing over
An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
An inherited disorder that results in the inability of children to break down the naturally occurring amino acid phenylalanine
Mutation
Any change to the DNA of a cell
G goes with ___
C
Newborn screening
Can detect some genetic disorders at birth through simple tests performed in hospitals
Carrier testing
Can determine if an individual carries a copy of a mutation that his or her children could inherit
Cystic fibrosis
Causes debilitating disease of the lungs and digestive system
Somatic cell
Cells of the body
Nucleosomes
DNA and Histone packages from structures resembling beads
Nucleotides
DNA consists of a long chain of subunits
Chromatin
DNA that exist as a mass of very long fibres
C goes with ___
G
Diploid
Human cells that contain two sets of chormosomes
Phases of mitosis
Interphase Early Prophase Late Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telephase and Cytokinesis
Phases of meiosis
Interphase Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 and cytokinesis Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis
Deletion
Occurs when a fragment of a chromosome is lost
Translocation
Occurs when a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
Chromosome
One long condensed DNA molecule containing hundreds or thousands of genes
Sex chromosomes
One set of chromosomes that determines an individual's sex
Asexual reproduction
Produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from just one parent
Telomeres
Protective end caps on chromosomes
Chiasmata
Regions where chromatids from different pairs are attached and segments of the chromatids are exchanged
Inversion
Reverses a fragment of the original chromosome
The "backbone" of the DNA consists of what?
Sugar and Phosphate
A goes with ___
T
Histones
The DNA in chromatin that is tightly coiled around protein
Purines
The bases; 1) Adenine (A) 2) Guanine (G) * they are double-ring stuctures
Pyrimidines
The bases; 1) Thymine (T) 2) Cytosine (C) * they are single-ring structures
Synapsis
The close association between homologous chromosomes in early meiosis
Genetic recombination
The exchange of DNA segments
Interphase
The growing stage of a cell
Cytokinesis
The process by which the cytoplasm is divided in twp
Sexual reproduction
The process in which two parents provide genetic material in order to produce offspring
Centromere
The region where the two chromatin are joined tightly together
Gametes
The sex cells (eggs and sperm)
Homologous chromosomes
Two chromosomes of each matching pair
Genes
Units of inherited information that carry a code for specific traits of functions
Diagnostic genetic testing
Used to confirm a diagnosis when symptoms for a particular genetic condition are present
Prenatal testing
Used to detect small-scale mutations or chromosomal alterations in a fetus
Presymptomatic testing
Usually done for disorders that appear after birth or later in a person's life
Cell. Cycle
When a Eukayotic cell goes through an orderly sequence of events
Non-disjunction
When homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase 1 or 2 of meiosis
Telophase
When the chromosomes begin to uncoil and take the form of chromatin, the spindle fibers dissapear and nuclear envelopes re-form around each set of daughter chromosomes
Mitosis
When the nucleus and the duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly distributed between two daughter nuclei
Metaphase
When the sister chromatids are fully attached ti the spindle fibres
Anaphase
When the sister chromatids seperate from their partners to become individual chromosomes
A cleavage furrow
Where cytokinesis occurs. A ring of protein under the plasma membrane contracts, making it deeper
Prophase
Where the sister chromatin become visible
Sister chromatids
chromosomes that consist of two identical joined copies
The three parts to a nucleotide
1) A ring-shaped sugar called deoxyribose 2) A phosphate group 3) A nitrogenous base