Chapter 4 Grade 11 Biology

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T goes with ___

A

Haploid

A cell with a single set of chromosomes

Trait

A characteristic of an organism

Duplication

A chromosomal change that occurs when part of a chromosome is repeated

Trisomy

A condition in which an individual has three copies of a particular chromosome

Down syndrome

A condition in which the individual carries an extra copy of chromosome 21

Karyotype

A display of all the chromosomes in a cell or individual

Zygote

A fertilized egg cell

Developmental disability

A lifelong

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A molecule that composes genetic material

Amniocentesis

A prenatal screening procedure preformed between weeks 14 and 20 of pregnancy

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A procedure used for fetal testing

A Nitrogenous Base

A single or double ring of carbon or nitrogen atoms

Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that sexual reproduction depends on

A cell plate

A structure that forms inside the plant cell undergoing mitosis . It contains new cell membrane and cell wall material

Autosomal

All other chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

Crossing over

An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

An inherited disorder that results in the inability of children to break down the naturally occurring amino acid phenylalanine

Mutation

Any change to the DNA of a cell

G goes with ___

C

Newborn screening

Can detect some genetic disorders at birth through simple tests performed in hospitals

Carrier testing

Can determine if an individual carries a copy of a mutation that his or her children could inherit

Cystic fibrosis

Causes debilitating disease of the lungs and digestive system

Somatic cell

Cells of the body

Nucleosomes

DNA and Histone packages from structures resembling beads

Nucleotides

DNA consists of a long chain of subunits

Chromatin

DNA that exist as a mass of very long fibres

C goes with ___

G

Diploid

Human cells that contain two sets of chormosomes

Phases of mitosis

Interphase Early Prophase Late Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telephase and Cytokinesis

Phases of meiosis

Interphase Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 and cytokinesis Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis

Deletion

Occurs when a fragment of a chromosome is lost

Translocation

Occurs when a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

Chromosome

One long condensed DNA molecule containing hundreds or thousands of genes

Sex chromosomes

One set of chromosomes that determines an individual's sex

Asexual reproduction

Produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from just one parent

Telomeres

Protective end caps on chromosomes

Chiasmata

Regions where chromatids from different pairs are attached and segments of the chromatids are exchanged

Inversion

Reverses a fragment of the original chromosome

The "backbone" of the DNA consists of what?

Sugar and Phosphate

A goes with ___

T

Histones

The DNA in chromatin that is tightly coiled around protein

Purines

The bases; 1) Adenine (A) 2) Guanine (G) * they are double-ring stuctures

Pyrimidines

The bases; 1) Thymine (T) 2) Cytosine (C) * they are single-ring structures

Synapsis

The close association between homologous chromosomes in early meiosis

Genetic recombination

The exchange of DNA segments

Interphase

The growing stage of a cell

Cytokinesis

The process by which the cytoplasm is divided in twp

Sexual reproduction

The process in which two parents provide genetic material in order to produce offspring

Centromere

The region where the two chromatin are joined tightly together

Gametes

The sex cells (eggs and sperm)

Homologous chromosomes

Two chromosomes of each matching pair

Genes

Units of inherited information that carry a code for specific traits of functions

Diagnostic genetic testing

Used to confirm a diagnosis when symptoms for a particular genetic condition are present

Prenatal testing

Used to detect small-scale mutations or chromosomal alterations in a fetus

Presymptomatic testing

Usually done for disorders that appear after birth or later in a person's life

Cell. Cycle

When a Eukayotic cell goes through an orderly sequence of events

Non-disjunction

When homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase 1 or 2 of meiosis

Telophase

When the chromosomes begin to uncoil and take the form of chromatin, the spindle fibers dissapear and nuclear envelopes re-form around each set of daughter chromosomes

Mitosis

When the nucleus and the duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly distributed between two daughter nuclei

Metaphase

When the sister chromatids are fully attached ti the spindle fibres

Anaphase

When the sister chromatids seperate from their partners to become individual chromosomes

A cleavage furrow

Where cytokinesis occurs. A ring of protein under the plasma membrane contracts, making it deeper

Prophase

Where the sister chromatin become visible

Sister chromatids

chromosomes that consist of two identical joined copies

The three parts to a nucleotide

1) A ring-shaped sugar called deoxyribose 2) A phosphate group 3) A nitrogenous base


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