chapter 4 practice quiz

Allison's parents are so happy that she enjoys reading. They decide to encourage her to keep at it by paying her $5 for each book she reads. According to the overjustification effect, how will Allison react to this new reward system? A. She will enjoy reading even more. B. She will become less interested in reading. C. She will be more selective in which books she reads. D. Her attitude toward reading will remain the same.

B. She will become less interested in reading.

The research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should: A. let them do favors for you B. ignore their negative traits C. act as if you do D. focus on their positive traits

C. act as if you do

An attitude is most likely to predict behavior in all the following situations EXCEPT: A. when other influences are minimized. B. when the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behavior. C. when the attitude is genetically predisposed. D. when the attitude is potent.

C. when the attitude is genetically predisposed.

What percentage of Californians who had first agreed to place a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign in their window later agreed to have a large, poorly lettered "Drive Carefully" sign installed in their front yard? A. 17% B. 36% C. 57% D. 76%

D. 76%

In the ABCs of attitudes, "A" stands for: A. attitude B. attribution C. attraction D. affect

D. affect

"Saying becomes believing" when: A. what you are saying falls in like with your implicit attitude B. your implicit and explicit attitudes are already in agreement C. there is no compelling external explanation for your words D. you have said something similar in the past

c. there is no compelling external explanation for your words

According to the principle of _____, attitudes are more apparent when we look at average behaviors over time instead of isolated acts. A. cognitive dissonance B. self-perception C. planned behavior d. aggregation

d. aggregation

The best way to cultivate Mark's enjoyment of a task that is not intrinsically appealing to him is to have him comply with the behavior and then suggest that: A. he did the task for an intrinsic reason. B. he did the task for an extrinsic reason. C. he did the task because he was forced into doing it. D. he not do the task again.

A. he did the task for an intrinsic reason.

Although your mother had to nag you to clean your room as a child, she always praised your desire to keep your room clean and orderly when you finished. Her comments likely _______ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and orderly environment on your own. A. increased B. decreased C. eliminated D. provoked

A. increased

When he was first promoted to manager, Ben felt awkward giving orders to his previous co-workers. After a few weeks though, he learned how to behave like the boss. Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new: A. role B. implicit attitude C. explicit attitude D. self-perception

A. role

Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported the research that: A. saying it changes our beliefs or feelings B. saying it does not change our beliefs or feelings C. saying it changes the other person's mind D. saying it does not change the other person's mind

A. saying it changes our beliefs or feelings

Which of the following theories explains the insufficient justification effect by claiming that we explain our behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs? A. self-perception B. self-presentation C. role-playing D. cognitive dissonance

A. self-perception

When asked if she likes her new neighbor, Alice says "I guess so. I say "hello" to her all the time and loaned her my favorite book the other day." Alice's feelings are best explained by: A. self-perception theory B. cognitive dissonance theory C. the insufficient justification effect D. the overjustification effect

A. self-perception theory

Impression management, or making a good impression by being consistent in our behavior, is another term for: A. self-presentation theory B. self-consistency theory C. cognitive dissonance theory D. self-perception theory

A. self-presentation theory

Dissonance conditions do indeed arouse tension, especially when those conditions threaten: A. self-worth B. physical discomfort C. as-yet-unformed attitudes D. gender identity

A. self-worth

Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those paid $20 to tell the same lie. These results are best explained by: A. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon B. the insufficient justification effect C. self-perception theory D. the overjustification effect

B. the insufficient justification effect

Zimbardo attributed the behavior of the subjects in his "Stanford Prison Study" to: A. his leadership behavior B. the roles the subject played C. the personality traits of prisoners D. failures to process relevant information

B. the roles the subject played

Juan needed to decide if he should live at home with his parents or in a dorm this year. He liked the idea of the freedom of the dorm but knew it was cheaper to live at home. According to cognitive dissonance theory, after deciding to stay at home Juan will likely: A. wish hat he had decided to move to the dorm B. feel like he made the right decision wish he could afforded the move C. feel confident that he made the best decision; dorms are expensive and dirty anyways D. change his mind at the last minute and ultimately live in the dorms

C. feel confident that he made the best decision; dorms are expensive and dirty anyways

A researcher measuring White people take longer to associate positive words with Black rather than White faces is most likely using a(n): A. bogus pipeline paradigm B. facial muscle response test C. implicit association test D. word association paradigm

C. implicit association test

A store owner is concerned about shoplifting. Research on potent attitudes suggests that he can reduce theft by: A. installing metal detectors B. attaching anti-theft devices on his merchandise C. installing eye-level mirrors in his store D. placing security guards at all exits

C. installing eye-level mirrors in his store

According to your text, _______ is the term Batson and his colleagues (2002) used to describe the tendency to appear moral while avoiding the costs of being so. A. behavioral inconsistency B. moral cowardice C. moral hypocrisy D. attitude-behavior discrepancy

C. moral hypocrisy

According to the theory of ____, you can best predict a person's behavior when you know that person's intended behaviors and their perceived self-efficacy and control. A. attitude formation B. inoculation C. planned behavior D. correlated behavior

C. planned behavior

People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _______ predictor of whether they will go to worship next weekend. A. strong B. average C. poor D. inconsistent

C. poor

People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _______ predictor of whether they will go to worship next weekend. A. strong B. average C. poor D. inconsistent

C. poor

As mentioned in the textbook, the daily flag salute by school children in the U.S. is an attempt to use _______ to build _______. A. compliance; attitudes b. public beliefs; private conformity C. public conformity; private beliefs D. conformity; compliance

C. public conformity; private beliefs

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n): A. attitude B. behavior C. role D. stereotype

C. role

The effect of _______ on _______ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison. A. attitudes; behaviors B. roles; attitudes C. roles; behaviors D. attitudes; roles

C. roles; behaviors

No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent, according to _______ theory. A. self-perception B. self-justification C. self-presentation D. social orientation

C. self-presentation

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. This is called: A. cognitive dissonance B. self-perception C. the overjustification effect D. the insufficient justification effect

C. the overjustification effect

Myra's neighbor, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should: A. show her annoyance B. pay him to quit playing C. pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more D. pay him to play and then offer him less and less

D. pay him to play and then offer him less and less

An effective brainwashing program uses all of the following techniques EXCEPT: A. insisting on active participation B. a gradual escalation of demands C. use of the "start small and build" tactic D. physical punishment

D. physical punishment

When asked whether they want to view information supporting or opposing their viewpoint, people who have just expressed their views on various topics prefer to view information supporting their positions. Which of the following best accounts for this finding? A. brainwashing B. self-perception theory C. overconfidence D. selective exposure

D. selective exposure

Which theory predicts that when people experience a self-image threat, they will compensate by affirming another aspect of the self? A. self-perception theory B. cognitive dissonance theory C. self-presentation theory D. self-affirmation theory

D. self-affirmation theory

Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal, but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store, her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude? A. cognitive dissonance theory B. self-perception theory C. reinforcement theory D. role-playing theory

A. cognitive dissonance theory

As a teenager, you enjoyed jogging. Concerned with your weight, your parents gave you money whenever you went jogging. According to the self-perception theory, your parents' behavior likely did what to your intrinsic motivation for jogging? A. decreased it B. increased it C. removed it D. instilled it

A. decreased it

In 1964, Leon Festinger concluded that the evidence to date: A. did not show that attitudes guide behaviors B. showed that attitudes guide behaviors C. was irrelevant to the attitude-behevaior relation D. showed that attitudes and behaviors varied together

A. did not show that attitudes guide behaviors

I first ask "Can you tell me what time it is?" before I ask you for a big favor (a ride home). I am using the __ technique. A. foot-in-the-door B. thats not all C. door-in-the-face D. not-so-free sample

A. foot-in-the-door

Research in France found that having people first sign a petition against landmines increased the likelihood that Internet users would contribute to a fund for victims of landmines. This is an example of the _______ phenomenon. A. foot-in-the-door B. lowball C. compliance D. conformity

A. foot-in-the-door

The fact that 76 percent of Californians agreed to install a huge ugly sign in their front yard after first being approached with a small request two weeks earlier exemplifies the _______ phenomenon. A. foot-in-the-door B. lowball C. compliance D. conformity

A. foot-in-the-door

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request is called the _______ phenomenon. A. foot-in-the-door B. lowball C. compliance D. conformity

A. foot-in-the-door

In 1969, social psychologist Allan Wicker completed a review of dozens of research studies and concluded that people's expressed attitudes _______ predicted their varying behaviors. A. hardly ever B. often C. strongly D. always

A. hardly ever

Once we make a decision or choice, and feel some cognitive dissonance, A. we form additional reasons for that decision or choice B. we begin to doubt our reasons for making that decision or choice. C. we become less confident about the decision or choice. D. the option we did not choose becomes more attractive.

A. we form additional reasons for that decision or choice

The three elements of the tri-component model of attitudes are: A. beliefs, norms, and intentions B. affect, behavior and cognition C. liking, disliking, and ambivalence D. beliefs, opinions, and sentiments

B. affect, behavior and cognition

Which theory best explains why 40 percent of smokers in the U.S. judge smoking as not very harmful? A. self- presentation B. cognitive dissonance C. insufficient justification D. self-perception

B. cognitive dissonance

Which theory best explains why 40 percent of smokers in the U.S. judge smoking as not very harmful? A. self-presentation B. cognitive dissonance C. insufficient justification D. self-perception

B. cognitive dissonance

Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to: A. feel increasingly guilty B. disparage the victim to justify the behavior C. act more kindly toward others D. become more aggressive toward others

B. disparage the victim to justify the behavior

Which of the following would better predict a person's support for a republican presidential candidate? A. his/her implicit attitude B. his/her explicit attitude C. self-perception theory D. cognitive-dissonance

B. his/her explicit attitude

As a teenager, you enjoyed jogging. As a result, your parents purchased new running shoes for you after every major milestone (e.g., when you ran your first marathon). According to the self-perception theory, your parents' behavior likely did what to your intrinsic motivation for jogging? A. decreased it B. increased it C. removed it D. instilled it

B. increased it

The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _______ justifying one's behavior when _______ justification is insufficient. A. externally; internal B. internally; external C. cognitively; emotional D. emotionally; cognitive

B. internally; external

According to the overjustification effect, promising children a reward for doing what they already intrinsically enjoy will: A. lead to more enjoyment of the activity B. lead to less enjoyment of the activity C. increase the tie and effort they put into the activity D. encourage them to do the activity on their own, without the promise of future rewards

B. lead to less enjoyment of the activity

A variation of the foot-in-the-door technique is often used by car dealers, because it typically results in people complying with higher and higher requests. It is called the _______ technique. A. foot-in-the-door B. lowball C. compliance D. conformity

B. lowball

Interested in purchasing a digital camera, you find one priced extremely low. As you are about to purchase the camera, you find that it does not come with a power cord, memory card, or battery. You purchase all of these separately. The total cost surpasses what another store had listed the camera as at a higher price, but included all the accessories. You have been a victim of the _______ technique. A. foot-in-the-door B. lowball C. compliance D. conformity

B. lowball

Which technique would a car salesman be most likely to utilize? A. foot-in-the-door B. lowball C. thats not all D. door-in-the-face

B. lowball

The Implicit Association Test (IAT): A. measures conscious attitudes B. measures unconscious attitudes C. measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes D. measures our behaviors

B. measures unconscious attitudes

People are ________ to comply with a large request if they comply with a small request first. A. less likely B. more likely C. not likely D. not influenced

B. more likely

People are _________ to comply with a large request if they comply with a small request first. A. less likely B. more likely C. not likely D. not influenced

B. more likely

You are teaching students, and unlike when you were a student, you find that the role of teacher feels more comfortable. This is an example of: A. change in stereotype B. roles that shape our behavior C. conformity D. the principle of aggregation

B. roles that shape our behavior

Jill recently received Botox injection in her face to treat her wrinkles. Since then, it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts. Which of the following best explains these side effects? A. cognitive dissonance B. self-perception theory C. self-presentation theory D. overjustification

B. self-perception theory

Which areas of the brain are active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli? A. occipital lobe and hypothalamus B. amygdala and hypothalamus C. amygdala and frontal lobe D. cerebellum and frontal lobe

C. amygdala and frontal lobe

A favorable or unfavorable evaluation reaction toward something or someone is what social psychologists call a(n): A. feeling B. cognition C. attitude D. behavioral tendency

C. attitude

As a teenager, your parents always forced you to clean your room. Now that you are living on your own, you feel no motivation to clean, as there are no parents around to nag you. This is an example of how: A. attitudes follow behaviors B. behaviors follow attitudes C. attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility D. behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility

C. attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility

If you are studying because you want to do well in a course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future as compared to those students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how: A attitudes follow behaviors B. behaviors follow attitudes C. attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility D. behaviors follow attitude for which we feel some responsibility

C. attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility

In the ABCs of attitudes, "C" stands for: A. care B. connotation C. cognition D. concern

C. cognition

Although you were opposed to the war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to report on the justifications for it at your job as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude? A. self-presentation theory B. self-consistency theory C. cognitive dissonance theory D. self-perception theory

C. cognitive dissonance theory

Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves? A. self-presentation theory B. self-consistency theory C. cognitive dissonance theory D. self-perception theory

C. cognitive dissonance theory

An example of the overjustification effect in the text describes how the number of books Myers' son read ______ after the local library provided an incentive for children to read 10 books in three months. A. increased slightly B. doubled C. decreased D. was unaffected

C. decreased

Which statement is true? A. explicit attitudes are a good predictor of behavior B. implicit attitudes are a good predictor of behavior C. explicit and implicit attitudes are a good predictor of behavior D. nothing is a good predictor of behavior

C. explicit and implicit attitudes are a good predictor of behavior

When people are bribed to do what they already like doing, they start to see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. This is called the: A. foot-in-the-door effect B. self-justification effect C. over justification effect D. insufficient justification effect

C. over justification effect

The smallest incentive that will get people to do something is usually the most effective in getting them to like the activity and keep doing it. This is best explained by the: A. self-presentation theory. B. emotional contagion theory. C. overjustification effect. D. insufficient justification effect

C. overjustification effect.

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) found that when people act in a manner that is contrary to their internal attitudes they feel uncomfortable. To reduce this discomfort they may change their attitudes. This is known as: A. cognitive dissonance B. self-perception theory C. the insufficient justification effect D. the fundamental attribution

C. the insufficient justification effect

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT: A. affects B. behavioral tendencies C. cognitions D. aptitudes

D. aptitudes

Which statement is NOT true according to attitude research? A. attitudes best predict behavior when they are formed by direct experience B. attitudes best predict behavior when they are thought about C. attitudes best predict behavior when they are potent D. attitudes best predict behavior when they are learned from parents

D. attitudes best predict behavior when they are learned from parents

Dissonance theory explains attitude _______, whereas self-perception theory explains attitude _______. A. consistency; change B. change; consistency C. formation; change D. change; formation

D. change; formation

When external inducements are insufficient to justify our behavior, we reduce dissonance by justifying the behavior internally. Which of the following theories explains this insufficient justification effect? A. self-perception B. self-presentation C. role-playing D. cognitive dissonance

D. cognitive dissonance

According to studies on implicit attitudes, which of the following statements about changing behaviors through persuasion is the most accurate? A. it is easy for people to change if you tell them to change B. there is no way people will change C. it is best to work on general situations D. it is best to work on specific situations

D. it is best to work on specific situations

If the number of people in favor of gay and lesbian marriage increases after a law is passed allowing for such, this would be an example of how: A. attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined B. attitudes influence behavior when they are potent C. moral attitudes feed moral actions D. moral actions feed moral attitudes

D. moral actions feed moral attitudes

Following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of European-Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled. This is an example of how: A. attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined. B. attitudes influence behavior when they are potent. C. moral attitudes feed moral actions. D. moral actions feed moral attitudes.

D. moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981) study required participants to observe someone receiving an electric shock. Some, but not all, of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented. The results indicated that compared to those students who were not required to make a pained expression, those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they observed the person being shocked. Which theory are the results consistent with? A. self-presentation theory B. self-consistency theory C. cognitive theory D. self-perception theory

D. self-perception theory

Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing? A. self-presentation theory B. self-consistency theory C. cognitive dissonance theory D. self-perception theory

D. self-perception theory

Which theory explains our conclusion that we must be anxious because we woke up before dawn? A. self-presentation theory B. self-consistency theory C. cognitive dissonance theory D. self-perception theory

D. self-perception theory

Which theory explains our conclusion that we must be nervous because we feel shaky - while forgetting we just had two cups of strong coffee? A. self-presentation theory B. self-consistency theory C. cognitive dissonance theory D. self-perception theory

D. self-perception theory

_____ argues that when our attitudes are weak or ambiguous we infer them by looking at our behaviors and the circumstances under which they occur. In other words, we deduce our attitudes in the same manner as would an outside observer. A. cognitive dissonance theory B. the over justification effect C. insufficient justification theory D. self-perception theory

D. self-perception theory

The finding that religious attitudes can predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time is an example of: A. moral hypocrisy B. the power of the situation over time C. the ABCs of attitudes D. the principle of aggregation

D. the principle of aggregation

According to the dissonance theory, managers, teachers, and parents should use _______ to elicit the desired behavior. A. reminders of their legitimate authority B. only social punishments and rewards C. promises rather than threats D. the smallest possible incentive

D. the smallest possible incentive

You receive more than one marriage proposal, and after deciding on who you wish to spend your life with, dissonance theory would predict that you would _______ the individual whose proposal you did accept. A. focus on B. ignore C. downgrade D. upgrade

D. upgrade

After making important decisions, we usually reduce dissonance by _______ the chosen alternative and _______ the unchosen option. A. focusing on; ignoring B. ignoring; focusing on C. downgrading; upgrading D. upgrading; downgrading

D. upgrading; downgrading

After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _______ the chosen university and _______ the unchosen universities. A. focusing on; ignoring B. ignoring; focusing on C. downgrading; upgrading D. upgrading; downgrading

D. upgrading; downgrading

Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on behavior and attitudes? A. Our expressions influence our feelings. B. Our posture affects our performance. C. We find cartoons funnier while using our smile muscles. D. you can't sense how someone else is feeling if you mirror their facial expressions

D. you can't sense how someone else is feeling if you mirror their facial expressions