Chapter 4: Stress Response
The wear and tear on the body from chronic stressors is known as ______________. O The resistance stage of stress O Allostatic load O The active recovery stage of stress O Allostasis O Epistasis
Allostatic load
The wear and tear on the body from chronic stressors is known as ______________. The resistance stage of stress Allostatic load The active recovery stage of stress Allostasis Epistasis
Allostatic load
Which hormone directly reduces the effectiveness of the immune system in the body in response to prolonged stress? Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Cortisol Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Corticotropic releasing factor (CRF)
Cortisol
Which hormone directly reduces the effectiveness of the immune system in the body in response to prolonged stress? O Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) O Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) O Cortisol O Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) O Corticotropic releasing factor (CRF)
Cortisol
As you continue reviewing Jennifer's chart, you note the following finding. Select the hormone(s) most likely responsible for WBC elevation: Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine ADH
Cortisol Cortisol is one of the primary hormones released during the stress response. It is produced and released from the adrenal cortex. During acute stress, cortisol stimulates an increase in white blood cell number. In prolonged stress, elevated cortisol induces a suppression of the immune response. For this reason, corticosteroids are common anti-inflammatory medications.
Which hormone(s) is/are responsible for the increase in glucose availability in the body in response to stress? Select all that apply. Cortisol Antidiuretic hormone Epinephrine Norepinephrine Aldosterone
Cortisol epinephrine
Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla? Cortisol Anti-diuretic hormone Epinephrine Adrenocorticotropic hormone Corticotropin-releasing factor
Epinephrine
Select the hormone(s) most likely responsible for increased Respiration: Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine ADH
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Epinephrine and norepinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla due to sympathetic nervous system activation, bind with adrenergic receptors on the bronchioles, causing bronchodilation and increasing respiration. The effect of these hormones, particularly epinephrine, is why EpiPens are used to counteract airway closure during severe allergic responses.
Which hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine & Aldosterone Epinephrine potentiates the sympathetic reaction Aldosterone acts at the kidney's nephrons to increase sodium and water reabsorption back into the bloodstream
As you continue reviewing Jennifer's chart, you note the following finding. Select the hormone(s) most likely responsible for increased heart rate: Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine ADH
Epineprine & Norepinephrine Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones released from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system activation. Both hormones interact with adrenergic receptors on the heart to elevate heart rate.
Select the hormone(s) most likely responsible for increased sweating: Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine ADH
Norepinephrine & Epinephrine As both norepinephrine and epinephrine stimulate metabolism and heart rate, they contribute to the increased sweating observed in the stress response.
Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. Hans Selye coined the term "allostatic load." Anti-diuretic hormone is inhibited during stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. Cortisol inhibits increases in blood glucose. Stress activates the SNS (sympathetic nervous system).
Stress activates the SNS (sympathetic nervous system). Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla.
What are the three primary players in the body's response to stress?
Sympathetic nervous system, adrenal glands, brain
Which hormone(s) is/are responsible for the increase in glucose availability in the body in response to stress? Select all that apply. [] Antidiuretic hormone [] Cortisol [] Epinephrine [] Norepinephrine [] Aldosterone
[] Cortisol [] Epinephrine
Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. [] Hans Selye coined the term "allostatic load." [] Anti-diuretic hormone is inhibited during stress. [] Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. [] Cortisol inhibits increases in blood glucose. [] Stress activates the SNS (sympathetic nervous system).
[] Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. [] Stress activates the SNS (sympathetic nervous system).
Which reactions are examples of a physical reaction initiated by the body in response to a stressor? Select all that apply. [] Increased sweating [] Increased digestive action [] Increased blood flow to the extremities [] Increased activity of the genitourinary system [] Increased respiration
[] Increased sweating [] Increased respiration
As you continue reviewing Jennifer's chart, you note the following finding. Select the hormone(s) most likely responsible for decreased urine output: Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine ADH
ADH & Aldosterone Both aldosterone and ADH work to decrease urine output and retain water in the body, increasing blood volume. As blood volume is closely related to blood pressure, these hormones are one means by which the body maintains blood pressure during the stress response. Aldosterone decreases urine output by stimulating water and sodium reabsorption by the kidneys. ADH stimulates water retention by the kidneys.
According to Hans Selye, what are the three stages of the stress response in order? Alarm, resistance, exhaustion Alarm, allostasis, exhaustion Allostasis, resistance, exhaustion Resistance, alarm, exhaustion Resistance, allostasis, exhaustion
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
According to Hans Selye, what are the three stages of the stress response in order? O Alarm, resistance, exhaustion O Alarm, allostasis, exhaustion O Allostasis, resistance, exhaustion O Resistance, alarm, exhaustion O Resistance, allostasis, exhaustion
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Select the hormone(s) most likely responsible for Increased Blood Pressure: Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine ADH
All of them (aldosterone, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, & ADH) Because blood flow is dependent on blood pressure, it is critical that blood pressure be maintained during the stress response. Thus, several hormones work to keep blood pressure elevated. ADH and aldosterone stimulate water retention and increased blood volume. Increased blood volume increases blood pressure. Cortisol causes vasoconstriction, which elevates blood pressure. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate increased heart rate and contractility, which increase blood pressure.
Question 5 of 5 Who created the theory of allostasis and the body's response to chronic stressors? Hans Seyle Albert Kuppfer Carl Langerhans Bruce McEwen Frank Starling
Bruce McEwen
Who created the theory of allostasis and the body's response to chronic stressors? O Hans Seyle O Albert Kuppfer O Carl Langerhans O Bruce McEwen O Frank Starling
Bruce McEwen
Following a traumatic car accident, Jennifer, a 22-year -old college student, was rushed to the Emergency Department by ambulance transport. In addition to multiple shallow lacerations and broken bones that were apparent, clinicians were worried that Jennifer may be experiencing internal hemorrhaging and rushed her to surgery. Jennifer's body is experiencing a stress response that involves activation of the brain, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands. This activation results in the release of numerous hormones. While you are reviewing her chart, you look through her laboratory values. Select the hormone(s) most likely responsible for increased blood glucose: Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine Prolactin ADH
Cortisol and Epinephrine
Which organ produces each hormone Cortisol Norepinephrine Epinephrine ADH Aldoesterone
Cortisol- The hypothalamus also places a key role in the response to stress by releasing corticotropin-releasing factor, known as CRF. CRF stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Norepinephrine-SNS Ephinephrine- secreted by the adrenal medulla ADH- Brain----> posterior pituitary Aldosterone- Adrenal cortex
What is the function of each hormone? Cortisol Norepinephrine Epinephrine ADH Aldoesterone
Cortisol-Cortisol works to elevate blood glucose during stress. Initially, cortisol increases immune system activity; however, over time, it actually suppresses the immune system. Norepinephrine- , which works on many targets and induces responses such as increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to skeletal muscle, sweating, and bronchodilation. Norepinephrine also decreases activity in the GI tract and genitourinary system. Epinephrine- Epi increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose and causes bronchodilation ADH- ADH reduces urine output, which in turn, causes retention of fluid within the body. This helps to maintain blood pressure Aldosterone- . Maintaining blood volume and blood pressure is an important stress response the body institutes. Aldosterone helps with this by retaining sodium and water.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress does NOT cause which of the following? Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased gastrointestinal activity Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle Increased bronchiole dilation
Increased gastrointestinal activity
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress does NOT cause which of the following? O Increased heart rate O Increased blood pressure O Increased gastrointestinal activity O Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle O Increased bronchiole dilation
Increased gastrointestinal activity
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes
Increased heart rate, increased vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles, bronchodilation, pupil dilation, G.I. system activity slows down, GU activity slows down, sweating, dry mouth
Which reactions are examples of a physical reaction initiated by the body in response to a stressor? Select all that apply. Increased sweating Increased digestive action Increased blood flow to the extremities Increased activity of the genitourinary system Increased respiration
Increased sweating Increased respiration Stress causes Increased heart rate, Increased vasonconstriction of peripheral arteries, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles, increased bronchodilation, pupil dilation the GI System activity slows, sweating increases, dry mouth
