Chapter 40: Musculoskeletal Function
Scoliosis
A lateral curving deviation of the spine.
Gliding Joints
Allow for limited movement in all directions.
Saddle Joints
Allow movement in two planes at right angles to each other.
Osteogenesis
Bone formation.
Ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue bands.
Periosteum
Fibrous connective tissue covering bone.
Fascia
Fibrous tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles.
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joints.
Crepitus
Grating, crackling sound or sensation.
Osteoporosis
A disorder in which bones lose density and become porous and fragile.
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint cavity.
Osteoclasts
Bone resorption cells.
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells.
Aponeuroses
Broad, flat sheets of connective tissue.
Paresthesias
Burning, tingling sensations or numbness.
Callus
Cartilaginous/fibrous tissue at fracture site.
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease characterized by destruction of the articular cartilage and overgrowth of the bone.
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Determines bone mineral density at the wrist, hip, or spine to estimate the extent of osteoporosis and to motor a patient's response to treatment for osteoporosis.
Lordosis
Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine.
Effusion
Excessive fluid with the joint capsule.
Synarthrosis
Immovable joints.
Hypertrophy
Increase size in muscle.
Kyphosis
Increased forward curvature of the thoracic spine.
Compartment Syndrome
Increasing pressure in a muscle compartment causing impaired nerve and blood vessel function.
Arthrocentesis
Joint aspiration.
Amphiarthrosis
Joints that allow limited motion.
Cancellous
Lattice-like bone structure; trabecular bone.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells.
Lamellae
Mature compact bone structures that form concentric rings of bone matrix.
Synovium
Membrane in joints that secrets lubricating fluid.
Osteon
Microscopic function bone unit.
Tonus
Normal tension in resting muscle. (Tone)
Subluxation
Partial separation of articular surfaces.
Stages of fractures formation
1. Hematoma and inflammation. 2. Angiogenesis and cartilage formation. 3. Cartilage calcification. 4. Cartilage removal. 5. Bone formation. 6. Remodeling
Endosteum
A thing, vascular membrane that covers the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bone.
Paralysis
A loss of movement, possibly from nerve damage.
Flaccid
A muscle that is limp and without tone.
Spastic
A muscle with greater-than-normal tone.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to demonstrate abnormalities of soft tissues.
Arthroscopy
A procedure that allows direct visualization of a joint to diagnose joint disorders.
Bursa
A sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions the movement of tendons, ligaments, and bones at a point of friction.
Joint Capsule
A tough, fibrous sheath that surrounds the articulating bones.
CSM
Circulation, Sensation, and Movement.
Cortical Bone
Compact bone.
Dislocation
Complete separation of joint surfaces
Hematopoiesis
Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells.
Tendons
Cords of fibrous connective tissue.
X-ray
Determines bone density, texture, erosion, and changes in bone relationships.
Septic Arthritis
Infection in a joint.
Osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone.
Fasciculation
Involuntary twitching of muscle fiber groups.
Bone Scan
Performed to detect metastatic and primary bone tumors, osteomyelitis, certain fractures, and aseptic necrosis.
Hinge Joints
Permit bending in one direction only.
Remodeling
Process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone resorption and formation.
Electromyography
Provides information about the electrical potential of the muscles and the nerves leading to them.
Resorption
Removal/destruction of tissue, such as bone.
Joint
The junction of two or more bones.
Isometric Contraction
The length of the muscles remains constant but the force generated by the muscles is increased.
Synergists
The muscles assisting the prime mover.
Ossification
The process by which the bone matrix is formed and hard mineral crystals composed of calcium and phosphorus are bound to the collagen fibers.
Articular Cartilage
Tough, elastic, avascular tissue at the ends of long bones.
Pivot Joints
Characterized by the articulation between the radius and the ulna. They permit rotation for such activities as turning a doorknob.
Ball-and-socket Joints
Permit full freedom of movement.
Clonus
Rhythmic contractions of a muscle.
Isotonic Contraction
Shortening of the muscle with no increase in tension within the muscle.
Computed Tomography
Shows in detail a specific plane of involved bone and can reveal tumors of the soft tissue or injuries to the ligaments or tendons.
Atrophy
Shrinkage-like decrease in the size of a muscle.
Atonic
Soft and flabby.
Epiphysis
The ends of long bones.
Antagonists
The muscles causing movement opposite to that of the prime mover.
Diaphysis
The shaft of the bone.
Bone Densitometry
Used to estimate bone mineral density.
Arthrography
Useful in identifying acute or chronic tears of the joint capsule or supporting ligaments of the knee, shoulder, ankle, hip, or wrist.