Chapter 40: Musculoskeletal Function

Scoliosis

A lateral curving deviation of the spine.

Gliding Joints

Allow for limited movement in all directions.

Saddle Joints

Allow movement in two planes at right angles to each other.

Osteogenesis

Bone formation.

Ligaments

Fibrous connective tissue bands.

Periosteum

Fibrous connective tissue covering bone.

Fascia

Fibrous tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles.

Diarthrosis

Freely moveable joints.

Crepitus

Grating, crackling sound or sensation.

Osteoporosis

A disorder in which bones lose density and become porous and fragile.

Hemarthrosis

Bleeding into a joint cavity.

Osteoclasts

Bone resorption cells.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

Aponeuroses

Broad, flat sheets of connective tissue.

Paresthesias

Burning, tingling sensations or numbness.

Callus

Cartilaginous/fibrous tissue at fracture site.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease characterized by destruction of the articular cartilage and overgrowth of the bone.

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Determines bone mineral density at the wrist, hip, or spine to estimate the extent of osteoporosis and to motor a patient's response to treatment for osteoporosis.

Lordosis

Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine.

Effusion

Excessive fluid with the joint capsule.

Synarthrosis

Immovable joints.

Hypertrophy

Increase size in muscle.

Kyphosis

Increased forward curvature of the thoracic spine.

Compartment Syndrome

Increasing pressure in a muscle compartment causing impaired nerve and blood vessel function.

Arthrocentesis

Joint aspiration.

Amphiarthrosis

Joints that allow limited motion.

Cancellous

Lattice-like bone structure; trabecular bone.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

Lamellae

Mature compact bone structures that form concentric rings of bone matrix.

Synovium

Membrane in joints that secrets lubricating fluid.

Osteon

Microscopic function bone unit.

Tonus

Normal tension in resting muscle. (Tone)

Subluxation

Partial separation of articular surfaces.

Stages of fractures formation

1. Hematoma and inflammation. 2. Angiogenesis and cartilage formation. 3. Cartilage calcification. 4. Cartilage removal. 5. Bone formation. 6. Remodeling

Endosteum

A thing, vascular membrane that covers the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bone.

Paralysis

A loss of movement, possibly from nerve damage.

Flaccid

A muscle that is limp and without tone.

Spastic

A muscle with greater-than-normal tone.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to demonstrate abnormalities of soft tissues.

Arthroscopy

A procedure that allows direct visualization of a joint to diagnose joint disorders.

Bursa

A sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions the movement of tendons, ligaments, and bones at a point of friction.

Joint Capsule

A tough, fibrous sheath that surrounds the articulating bones.

CSM

Circulation, Sensation, and Movement.

Cortical Bone

Compact bone.

Dislocation

Complete separation of joint surfaces

Hematopoiesis

Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells.

Tendons

Cords of fibrous connective tissue.

X-ray

Determines bone density, texture, erosion, and changes in bone relationships.

Septic Arthritis

Infection in a joint.

Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone.

Fasciculation

Involuntary twitching of muscle fiber groups.

Bone Scan

Performed to detect metastatic and primary bone tumors, osteomyelitis, certain fractures, and aseptic necrosis.

Hinge Joints

Permit bending in one direction only.

Remodeling

Process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone resorption and formation.

Electromyography

Provides information about the electrical potential of the muscles and the nerves leading to them.

Resorption

Removal/destruction of tissue, such as bone.

Joint

The junction of two or more bones.

Isometric Contraction

The length of the muscles remains constant but the force generated by the muscles is increased.

Synergists

The muscles assisting the prime mover.

Ossification

The process by which the bone matrix is formed and hard mineral crystals composed of calcium and phosphorus are bound to the collagen fibers.

Articular Cartilage

Tough, elastic, avascular tissue at the ends of long bones.

Pivot Joints

Characterized by the articulation between the radius and the ulna. They permit rotation for such activities as turning a doorknob.

Ball-and-socket Joints

Permit full freedom of movement.

Clonus

Rhythmic contractions of a muscle.

Isotonic Contraction

Shortening of the muscle with no increase in tension within the muscle.

Computed Tomography

Shows in detail a specific plane of involved bone and can reveal tumors of the soft tissue or injuries to the ligaments or tendons.

Atrophy

Shrinkage-like decrease in the size of a muscle.

Atonic

Soft and flabby.

Epiphysis

The ends of long bones.

Antagonists

The muscles causing movement opposite to that of the prime mover.

Diaphysis

The shaft of the bone.

Bone Densitometry

Used to estimate bone mineral density.

Arthrography

Useful in identifying acute or chronic tears of the joint capsule or supporting ligaments of the knee, shoulder, ankle, hip, or wrist.