Chapter 46 Microbiology and Disease

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and give examples of each

-Prokaryotic: simple structure, single chromosome, no nucleus and no chromosome (example: bacteria, E. coli)

What are the six steps in diagnosing and treating an infection?

1. examine the patient

T/F: Eukaryotic microorganisms have a simple cell structure with no nucleus and no organelles in the cytoplasm

False; prokaryotic

opportunistic

Infections by microorganisms that can cause disease only when a host's resistance is low are called ________ infections.

scabies

The parasitic insect pictured here burrows under the skin and causes ________.

eukaryotic

Which classification of microorganisms contains protozoans, fungi, and parasites?

demyelination

destruction of the myelin sheath of a nerve

species

distinct type of microorganism

hepatitis e

fecal oral route, contamination thru water, fatal in pregnant women

blood agar

gets red color from sheep's blood

diplococci

pairs of cocci

prokaryotic

simple cell structure with no nucleus and no organelles

coccus

spherical, round or ovoid

A fungus that grows mainly as a single-celled organism that reproduces by budding is referred to as a ____

yeast

icteric or jaundice stage (hepatitis)

yellowness of skin, eyes, mucous membranes and excretions

colony

A distinct group of organisms seen on the surface of the culture medium is called a(n) ________.

yeast

A fungus that grows mainly as a single-celled organism and reproduces by budding is referred to as a(n) ________.

prion

A pathogen that is made of protein, is very small, and has no nucleic acid is a(n) ________.

protozoan

A single-celled eukaryotic organism that is generally much larger than bacteria and is found in soil and water is called a(n) ________. These organisms can cause diseases such as malaria and amebic dysentery.

wet mount

A specimen may be directly viewed as a(n) ________ ________, which is a preparation of a specimen in a liquid that allows the organisms to remain alive and mobile while they are being identified.

smear

A specimen may be directly viewed as a(n) ________, in which a specimen is spread thinly and evenly across a slide.

hepatitis

A viral infection of the liver that can lead to cirrhosis and death is ________.

acid-fast acid fast

A(n) ________ ________ stain is used to identify bacteria that have a waxy cell wall, such as the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.

etiologic

A(n) ________ agent is a living microorganism or its toxin that may cause human disease. A label with this and a biohazard symbol must be affixed to a package containing a microbiologic specimen sent through the mail.

pinworm

A(n) ________ infestation can cause anal itching, as well as nighttime restlessness due to anal itching.

stain

A(n) ________ is a solution of a dye or group of dyes that imparts a color to microorganisms.

antimicrobial

A(n) ________ is an agent prescribed by a physician that kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth.

culture

A(n) ________ medium is a substance that contains all the nutrients a particular type of microorganism needs to grow.

KOH mount

A(n) ________ mount is a type of mount used when a physician suspects that a patient has a fungal infection of the skin, nails, hair, or vagina because it dissolves the keratin and allows visualization of any fungus.

Chickenpox

Amy is a 9-year-old patient who has a high fever, headache, and an itchy rash. Although Amy usually has a good appetite, her mother says she has not been hungry for the last few days. The rash is starting to blister. Which of the following diseases might you suspect?

infestation

An infection caused by a parasite is called a(n) ________.

anaerobes

Bacteria that grow best in the absence of oxygen are referred to as ________.

aerobes

Bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen are referred to as ________.

mono

Epstein-barr virus, direct contact with saliva from infected person, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes

T/F: A O&P specimen is a urine specimen that his exams for the presence of protozoans or parasite including their eggs

False, stool

T/F: Trichinosis is an infection caused by Trichinella spirals, a kind of virus

False; a kind of protozoan

T/F: Gonorrhea is a STI caused by a Gram- negative, rod shaped bacterium

False; by a gram-negative, diplococcus bacterium

T/F: A protozoan is a multiple-celled eukaryotic organism that is generally smaller than a bacterium

False; is single celled and larger than bacteria

T/F: Chlamydiae are bacteria that completely lack the rigid cell wall of other bacteria

False; mycoplasma

Hepatitis D only occurs in people already infected with

Hepatitis B

Gram

In addition to their shape, bacteria are commonly classified by how they react to certain stains. The most common staining procedure in use today is the ________ stain, a method of staining that differentiates bacteria according to the chemical composition of their cell walls.

stool

In cases of a suspected parasitic worm infestation, a(n) ________ specimen may be ordered by the practitioner.

mordant

Iodine is an example of a(n) ________, which is a substance that intensifies or deepens the response of a specimen to a stain.

The 2 symptoms most indicative of AIDS are hairy leukoplakia and

Kaposi's sarcoma

molds

Large, fuzzy, multicelled fungi that produce spores are called ________.

Diplococci, when stained and viewed under a microscope, resemble what?

Little boxing gloves

KOH mount

Mary has come to the medical office complaining of an infection involving her left great toenail. Which of the following tests will the practitioner order for this condition?

Epstein-Barr virus

Mononucleosis is caused by which of the following?

antibiotics

One strategy to reduce the incidence of drug-resistant microorganisms is to use ________ carefully.

facultative

Organisms that can grow in either an aerobic or an anaerobic environment are said to be ________.

flora

Organisms that neither help nor harm the host or are beneficial, creating a barrier against pathogens, are called resident normal ________.

CDC

Procedures for packaging and labeling a specimen for mail delivery are set by ________.

agar

Semisolid culture media contain a gelatin-like substance derived from seaweed, called ________, which gives them their consistency.

Clusters of cocci that appear gram-positive typically suggest an infection with what microorganism?

Staphylococci, they are gray liked clusters of cocci commonly found under the skin

quantitative

The determination of the number of bacteria present in specimens such as urine is referred to as a(n) ________ analysis.

qualitative

The determination of the type of pathogen on a culture plate is referred to as a(n) ________ analysis of the specimen.

malaria

The fifth most common cause of death worldwide from infectious disease is ________.

influenza

The respiratory disease that causes fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue, and is spread by airborne transmission is ________.

virus

The smallest known infectious agent, consisting only of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, is a(n) ________.

Mumps

The viral infection that affects the salivary glands, causing fever, headache, and inflammation of the glands is ________.

Pertussis

Three-year-old Tyler's parents report that he has had a runny nose and a mild cough for the last several days. They brought him to the clinic because the coughing has become "terrible" during the past 24 hours. While getting the history from the parents, you notice a "whoop" sound as Tyler inhales after a severe coughing spell. Which of the following diseases is the most probable cause of Tyler's cough?

T/F: A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another organism and uses that other organism for its own nourishment

True

T/F: Aerobes are bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen

True

T/F: An etiologic agent is a living microorganism or its toxin that can cause human disease

True

T/F: Facultative organisms grow well whether oxygen is present or absent

True

T/F: Gram stain is used to differentiate bacteria according to the chemical composition of their cell walls

True

T/F: Keratin is a tough, hard protein

True

T/F: When performing a quantitative analysis of a urine specimen mix the urine specimen well before taking the sample

True

Rheumatic fever

What disorder is a complication of a strep infection manifested by inflammation of the heart tissue?

C&S

Which of the following involves culturing a specimen and then testing the isolated bacterium's susceptibility to antibiotics?

HIV

Which of the following is a virus that infects and gradually destroys components of the immune system, resulting in AIDS?

Lab pickup

Which of the following is considered the most reliable and timely method of transporting microbiologic specimens?

Vibro

a common-shaped bacterium

Fungus

a eukaryotic organism that has a rigid cell wall at some stage in the life cycle

Culture & Sensitivity

a procedure to test a bacteriums suceptability to certain antibiotics

Protozoan

a single-celled eukaryotic organism, generally much larger than bacteria and found in soil and water

Coccus

a spherical, round, or ovoid bacterium

Spirillum

a spiral-shaped bacterium

culture medium

a substance that contains all the nutrients a particular type of microorganism needs

tb

acid fast, bacteria, airborne respiratory droplets, bad cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, pain in chest, coughing up blood or sputum, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, no appetite, chills, fever and night sweats

Antimicrobial

an agent that kills or suppresses the growth of a microorganism

Parasite

an organism that lives on or in another organism and that uses that other organism for its own nourishment or some other advantage, to the detriment of the host organism

An ____ is an agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth

antimicrobial

gram stain procedure

apply purple stain called crystal violet to smear, wash slide in water, apply iodine, iodine acts as mordant - substance that can intensify or deepen response of specimen to stain. iodine helps bond dye to bacterial cell wall, wash slide again, apply a decolorizing solution

Rod-shaped bacteria are known as ____

bacillus

gram positive

bacteria appear blue or violet

anaerobes

bacteria grows without oxygen

facultative

bacteria that can grow with or without oxygen

aerobes

bacteria that grows in oxygen

gram negative

bacteria that loses purple color and pick up red color of safranin

lyme disease

bacteria, no gram stain characteristics, transmission by tick, red, expanding bulls eye rash, fatigue, fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint aches, swollen lymph nodes

genus

biologic classification

hepatitis b

bloodborne, contamination thru blood or body fluids and sex. vaccine available

parasitic worms

can be infected by ingesting its eggs, roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms

convalescent stage (hepatitis)

can last 2 to 3 weeks

Spherical, round, or ovoid bacteria are known as ___

coccus

vibrio

comma shaped, responsible for cholera and some food poisoning

eukaryotic

complex cell structure, has a nucleus and specialized organelles

chlamydia

considered gram negative bacteria, women - vaginal discharge and dysuria, men - penile discharge and dysuria

subcellular

contain hereditary material, either DNA or RNA and is surrounded by a protein coat

head lice

direct contact with hair of infested person, feeling that something is moving in your hair, itching, difficulty sleeping because of louse activity and scalp sores

rabies

direct contact with saliva of rabid animal, weakness, fever, headaches, if untreated, cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation, delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, insomnia, death

meningitis

direct contact, respiratory droplets, stiff neck, fever, confusion, light sensitivity, nausea and vomiting

pubic lice

direct contact, sexual, genital itching, visible nits, or crawling adult lice

fungi

eukaryotic organism, has a rigid cell wall. reproduce by budding called yeasts that produce spores which are called mold

steps in diagnosis and treatment of infection

examine pt, obtain specimens, examine specimens, culture specimens

bed bugs

exposure to bedding or furniture, bite marks on head, neck , face, hands or other body parts occurring at night while sleeping

T/F: viruses are large, prokaryotic organisms

false; are small, sub cellular organisms

pin worm

fecal oral parasite, anal itching, nighttime restlessness due to anal itching

giardiasis

fecal oral, greasy, floating stool, gas, diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, nausea, dehydration

Yeast

fungi that grow mainly as single-celled organisms and reproduce by budding

agar

gelatin-like substance derived from seaweed that give medium its consistence

prodromal stage (hepatitis)

general malaise, nausea and vomiting or no symptoms

Specific microorganism are named with 2 words; the 1st word refers to the microorganism's ____, and the second word refers to its species

genus (family where belonged)

syphilis

gram negative bacteria, primary stage - single sore at site of organisms entry into body. secondary - skin rash and mucous membrane lesions. late stage - uncoordinated muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, dementia

e-coli

gram negative, bacteria, foodborne, diarrhea, severe abdominal cramps and vomiting

peptic ulcer

gram negative, bacteria, may be fecal to oral or oral to oral, gnawing or burning stomach pains

rocky mountain fever

gram negative, bacteria, tick borne (wood or dog tick), fever, rash (2 -5 days after fever) headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle pain, lack of appetite and conjunctival inflammation

legionnaire's disease

gram negative, bacteria, water aerosol, high fever, chills, cough, chest pain and pneumonia

hib

gram negative, direct contact with respiratory droplets, epiglottis sore throat, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, difficulty breathing and fever

gonorrhea

gram negative, women - no symptoms or dysuria and vaginal discharge, men - dysuria and green, yellow or white penile discharge

strep throat

gram positive, bacteria, direct contact respiratory droplets, sore throat and fever

tetanus

gram positive, bacteria, direct contact thru deep cut, lockjaw, neck and abdomen stiffness, difficulty swallowing, severe muscle spasms, generalized seizure

mrsa

gram positive, bacteria, direct contact, red, swollen, painful pustules

diphtheria

gram positive, bacteria, direct person to person contact with respiratory droplets or cutaneous lesions, sore throat, low fever, presence of a pseudomembrane over tonsils, throat and nose

whooping cough

gram positive, bacteria, eating raw or undercooked meats, cutaneous - blistered skin development of black dead tissue. inhalation - high fever, dyspnea, stridor, cyanosis, shock

botulism

gram positive, bacteria, foodborne, double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness

staphylococci

grapelike clusters found on the skin

streptococci

grown in chains, responsible for strep throat, certain types of pneumonia and rheumatic fever

genital herpes

herpes simplex virus 2, std, direct contact, pain, itching, small red bumps, blister, ulcers, congenital, premature birth, liver, lunch, spleen problems, small head size, seizures, hearing loss, vision loss, lack of coordination, mental disability

cold sores

herpes simplex virus, type 1, direct contact, sharing eating utensils or glasses, kissing, pain, tingling, small, painful, fluid filled blisters on a raised, red area of the skin around mouth

infestation

infection caused by a parasite

rheumatic fever

inflammation of heart tissue occurs in school age kids

parasitic insects

insects that can bite or burrow under the skin, mosquitoes, ticks, lice and mites

symptoms of hepatitis

jaundice, low appetite, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, joint pain or tenderness, stomach pain, general malaise

culture media

liquid, semisolid and solid

pathogens

microorganisms that cause disease

trichomoniasis

most common std, sexual contact, women - itching, burning, redness or soreness of genitals, dysuria, watery discharge and smell. men - itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after pee or ejaculation and some penile discharge

drug resistant microorganisms

mrsa, vre, visa, vrsa, esbl, prsp

An infection caused by microorganisms that don't ordinarily cause disease in people with properly functioning immune systems is an

opportunistic infection

parasite

organism that lives on or in another organism and uses it for its own nourishment or another advantage

round worm

parasite, contact with contaminated soil, can be asymptomatic, abdominal discomfort, intestinal blockage

The medical term for head lice is ____

pediculosis

polio

person to person, fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu like symptoms, back and neck stiffness, limb pain, paralysis

wet mount

prep of a specimen in liquid that allows the organisms to remain alive and mobile

scabies

prolonged, direct contact with infested person, worse at nite, intense itching and popular rash

labeling a specimen

pts. name & id #, collection site of specimen, date and time, dr. name, your initials

bacillus

rod shaped. infections include gastroenteritis, tb, pneumonia, whooping cough, uti, botulism and tetanus

protozoans

single cell, eukaryotic, larger than bacteria. found in soil and water. can cause malaria, dysentery venereal disease

bacteria

single celled prokaryotic organisms, reproduce quickly, major causes of disease

viruses

smallest known infectious agents, cannot be seen with a regular microscope. can only live and grow within living cells of other organisms

smear

specimen is spread thinly and evenly across a slide

spirillum

spiral shaped, responsible for syphilis and lyme disease

hepatitis c

spread by blood or body fluids and sex. no cure

hepatitis a

spread thru fecal oral route, rarely fatal, vaccine available

acid fast stain

staining procedure for identifying bacteria with a waxy cell wall

culture medium

substance that contains all the nutrients a particular microorganism needs

types of culture specimens

throat, urine, sputum, wound, stool

keratin

tough hard protein

KOH mount

type of wet mound, used for suspicion of fungal infection of skin, nails, hair or vagina

hepatitis d

vaccine available, only occurs in people infected with HBV

malaria

vector borne, mosquito, fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, body aches, general malaise

hepatitis

viral infection of the liver can lead to cirrhosis and death

viral pharyngitis

viral pathogen, direct person to person contact and respiratory, symptoms include cold, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, pink eye, fever, cystitis, gastroenteritis and or neurologic disease

types of microorganisms

viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, multicellular parasites

cryptosporidiosis

waterborne, swimming pools, abdominal cramps and pain, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fever and weight loss

HIV symptoms

weight loss, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats, sinus fullness, dry cough, sob, difficulty swallowing, gingivitis, oral lesions, diarrhea, bloody stools, depression, tingling, pain, rashes, dry skin, Kaposi's sarcoma

helper t cells

white blood cells of body's immune system to combat infection