Chapter 46 Microbiology and Disease
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and give examples of each
-Prokaryotic: simple structure, single chromosome, no nucleus and no chromosome (example: bacteria, E. coli)
What are the six steps in diagnosing and treating an infection?
1. examine the patient
T/F: Eukaryotic microorganisms have a simple cell structure with no nucleus and no organelles in the cytoplasm
False; prokaryotic
opportunistic
Infections by microorganisms that can cause disease only when a host's resistance is low are called ________ infections.
scabies
The parasitic insect pictured here burrows under the skin and causes ________.
eukaryotic
Which classification of microorganisms contains protozoans, fungi, and parasites?
demyelination
destruction of the myelin sheath of a nerve
species
distinct type of microorganism
hepatitis e
fecal oral route, contamination thru water, fatal in pregnant women
blood agar
gets red color from sheep's blood
diplococci
pairs of cocci
prokaryotic
simple cell structure with no nucleus and no organelles
coccus
spherical, round or ovoid
A fungus that grows mainly as a single-celled organism that reproduces by budding is referred to as a ____
yeast
icteric or jaundice stage (hepatitis)
yellowness of skin, eyes, mucous membranes and excretions
colony
A distinct group of organisms seen on the surface of the culture medium is called a(n) ________.
yeast
A fungus that grows mainly as a single-celled organism and reproduces by budding is referred to as a(n) ________.
prion
A pathogen that is made of protein, is very small, and has no nucleic acid is a(n) ________.
protozoan
A single-celled eukaryotic organism that is generally much larger than bacteria and is found in soil and water is called a(n) ________. These organisms can cause diseases such as malaria and amebic dysentery.
wet mount
A specimen may be directly viewed as a(n) ________ ________, which is a preparation of a specimen in a liquid that allows the organisms to remain alive and mobile while they are being identified.
smear
A specimen may be directly viewed as a(n) ________, in which a specimen is spread thinly and evenly across a slide.
hepatitis
A viral infection of the liver that can lead to cirrhosis and death is ________.
acid-fast acid fast
A(n) ________ ________ stain is used to identify bacteria that have a waxy cell wall, such as the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
etiologic
A(n) ________ agent is a living microorganism or its toxin that may cause human disease. A label with this and a biohazard symbol must be affixed to a package containing a microbiologic specimen sent through the mail.
pinworm
A(n) ________ infestation can cause anal itching, as well as nighttime restlessness due to anal itching.
stain
A(n) ________ is a solution of a dye or group of dyes that imparts a color to microorganisms.
antimicrobial
A(n) ________ is an agent prescribed by a physician that kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth.
culture
A(n) ________ medium is a substance that contains all the nutrients a particular type of microorganism needs to grow.
KOH mount
A(n) ________ mount is a type of mount used when a physician suspects that a patient has a fungal infection of the skin, nails, hair, or vagina because it dissolves the keratin and allows visualization of any fungus.
Chickenpox
Amy is a 9-year-old patient who has a high fever, headache, and an itchy rash. Although Amy usually has a good appetite, her mother says she has not been hungry for the last few days. The rash is starting to blister. Which of the following diseases might you suspect?
infestation
An infection caused by a parasite is called a(n) ________.
anaerobes
Bacteria that grow best in the absence of oxygen are referred to as ________.
aerobes
Bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen are referred to as ________.
mono
Epstein-barr virus, direct contact with saliva from infected person, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
T/F: A O&P specimen is a urine specimen that his exams for the presence of protozoans or parasite including their eggs
False, stool
T/F: Trichinosis is an infection caused by Trichinella spirals, a kind of virus
False; a kind of protozoan
T/F: Gonorrhea is a STI caused by a Gram- negative, rod shaped bacterium
False; by a gram-negative, diplococcus bacterium
T/F: A protozoan is a multiple-celled eukaryotic organism that is generally smaller than a bacterium
False; is single celled and larger than bacteria
T/F: Chlamydiae are bacteria that completely lack the rigid cell wall of other bacteria
False; mycoplasma
Hepatitis D only occurs in people already infected with
Hepatitis B
Gram
In addition to their shape, bacteria are commonly classified by how they react to certain stains. The most common staining procedure in use today is the ________ stain, a method of staining that differentiates bacteria according to the chemical composition of their cell walls.
stool
In cases of a suspected parasitic worm infestation, a(n) ________ specimen may be ordered by the practitioner.
mordant
Iodine is an example of a(n) ________, which is a substance that intensifies or deepens the response of a specimen to a stain.
The 2 symptoms most indicative of AIDS are hairy leukoplakia and
Kaposi's sarcoma
molds
Large, fuzzy, multicelled fungi that produce spores are called ________.
Diplococci, when stained and viewed under a microscope, resemble what?
Little boxing gloves
KOH mount
Mary has come to the medical office complaining of an infection involving her left great toenail. Which of the following tests will the practitioner order for this condition?
Epstein-Barr virus
Mononucleosis is caused by which of the following?
antibiotics
One strategy to reduce the incidence of drug-resistant microorganisms is to use ________ carefully.
facultative
Organisms that can grow in either an aerobic or an anaerobic environment are said to be ________.
flora
Organisms that neither help nor harm the host or are beneficial, creating a barrier against pathogens, are called resident normal ________.
CDC
Procedures for packaging and labeling a specimen for mail delivery are set by ________.
agar
Semisolid culture media contain a gelatin-like substance derived from seaweed, called ________, which gives them their consistency.
Clusters of cocci that appear gram-positive typically suggest an infection with what microorganism?
Staphylococci, they are gray liked clusters of cocci commonly found under the skin
quantitative
The determination of the number of bacteria present in specimens such as urine is referred to as a(n) ________ analysis.
qualitative
The determination of the type of pathogen on a culture plate is referred to as a(n) ________ analysis of the specimen.
malaria
The fifth most common cause of death worldwide from infectious disease is ________.
influenza
The respiratory disease that causes fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue, and is spread by airborne transmission is ________.
virus
The smallest known infectious agent, consisting only of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, is a(n) ________.
Mumps
The viral infection that affects the salivary glands, causing fever, headache, and inflammation of the glands is ________.
Pertussis
Three-year-old Tyler's parents report that he has had a runny nose and a mild cough for the last several days. They brought him to the clinic because the coughing has become "terrible" during the past 24 hours. While getting the history from the parents, you notice a "whoop" sound as Tyler inhales after a severe coughing spell. Which of the following diseases is the most probable cause of Tyler's cough?
T/F: A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another organism and uses that other organism for its own nourishment
True
T/F: Aerobes are bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen
True
T/F: An etiologic agent is a living microorganism or its toxin that can cause human disease
True
T/F: Facultative organisms grow well whether oxygen is present or absent
True
T/F: Gram stain is used to differentiate bacteria according to the chemical composition of their cell walls
True
T/F: Keratin is a tough, hard protein
True
T/F: When performing a quantitative analysis of a urine specimen mix the urine specimen well before taking the sample
True
Rheumatic fever
What disorder is a complication of a strep infection manifested by inflammation of the heart tissue?
C&S
Which of the following involves culturing a specimen and then testing the isolated bacterium's susceptibility to antibiotics?
HIV
Which of the following is a virus that infects and gradually destroys components of the immune system, resulting in AIDS?
Lab pickup
Which of the following is considered the most reliable and timely method of transporting microbiologic specimens?
Vibro
a common-shaped bacterium
Fungus
a eukaryotic organism that has a rigid cell wall at some stage in the life cycle
Culture & Sensitivity
a procedure to test a bacteriums suceptability to certain antibiotics
Protozoan
a single-celled eukaryotic organism, generally much larger than bacteria and found in soil and water
Coccus
a spherical, round, or ovoid bacterium
Spirillum
a spiral-shaped bacterium
culture medium
a substance that contains all the nutrients a particular type of microorganism needs
tb
acid fast, bacteria, airborne respiratory droplets, bad cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, pain in chest, coughing up blood or sputum, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, no appetite, chills, fever and night sweats
Antimicrobial
an agent that kills or suppresses the growth of a microorganism
Parasite
an organism that lives on or in another organism and that uses that other organism for its own nourishment or some other advantage, to the detriment of the host organism
An ____ is an agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth
antimicrobial
gram stain procedure
apply purple stain called crystal violet to smear, wash slide in water, apply iodine, iodine acts as mordant - substance that can intensify or deepen response of specimen to stain. iodine helps bond dye to bacterial cell wall, wash slide again, apply a decolorizing solution
Rod-shaped bacteria are known as ____
bacillus
gram positive
bacteria appear blue or violet
anaerobes
bacteria grows without oxygen
facultative
bacteria that can grow with or without oxygen
aerobes
bacteria that grows in oxygen
gram negative
bacteria that loses purple color and pick up red color of safranin
lyme disease
bacteria, no gram stain characteristics, transmission by tick, red, expanding bulls eye rash, fatigue, fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint aches, swollen lymph nodes
genus
biologic classification
hepatitis b
bloodborne, contamination thru blood or body fluids and sex. vaccine available
parasitic worms
can be infected by ingesting its eggs, roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms
convalescent stage (hepatitis)
can last 2 to 3 weeks
Spherical, round, or ovoid bacteria are known as ___
coccus
vibrio
comma shaped, responsible for cholera and some food poisoning
eukaryotic
complex cell structure, has a nucleus and specialized organelles
chlamydia
considered gram negative bacteria, women - vaginal discharge and dysuria, men - penile discharge and dysuria
subcellular
contain hereditary material, either DNA or RNA and is surrounded by a protein coat
head lice
direct contact with hair of infested person, feeling that something is moving in your hair, itching, difficulty sleeping because of louse activity and scalp sores
rabies
direct contact with saliva of rabid animal, weakness, fever, headaches, if untreated, cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation, delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, insomnia, death
meningitis
direct contact, respiratory droplets, stiff neck, fever, confusion, light sensitivity, nausea and vomiting
pubic lice
direct contact, sexual, genital itching, visible nits, or crawling adult lice
fungi
eukaryotic organism, has a rigid cell wall. reproduce by budding called yeasts that produce spores which are called mold
steps in diagnosis and treatment of infection
examine pt, obtain specimens, examine specimens, culture specimens
bed bugs
exposure to bedding or furniture, bite marks on head, neck , face, hands or other body parts occurring at night while sleeping
T/F: viruses are large, prokaryotic organisms
false; are small, sub cellular organisms
pin worm
fecal oral parasite, anal itching, nighttime restlessness due to anal itching
giardiasis
fecal oral, greasy, floating stool, gas, diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, nausea, dehydration
Yeast
fungi that grow mainly as single-celled organisms and reproduce by budding
agar
gelatin-like substance derived from seaweed that give medium its consistence
prodromal stage (hepatitis)
general malaise, nausea and vomiting or no symptoms
Specific microorganism are named with 2 words; the 1st word refers to the microorganism's ____, and the second word refers to its species
genus (family where belonged)
syphilis
gram negative bacteria, primary stage - single sore at site of organisms entry into body. secondary - skin rash and mucous membrane lesions. late stage - uncoordinated muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, dementia
e-coli
gram negative, bacteria, foodborne, diarrhea, severe abdominal cramps and vomiting
peptic ulcer
gram negative, bacteria, may be fecal to oral or oral to oral, gnawing or burning stomach pains
rocky mountain fever
gram negative, bacteria, tick borne (wood or dog tick), fever, rash (2 -5 days after fever) headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle pain, lack of appetite and conjunctival inflammation
legionnaire's disease
gram negative, bacteria, water aerosol, high fever, chills, cough, chest pain and pneumonia
hib
gram negative, direct contact with respiratory droplets, epiglottis sore throat, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, difficulty breathing and fever
gonorrhea
gram negative, women - no symptoms or dysuria and vaginal discharge, men - dysuria and green, yellow or white penile discharge
strep throat
gram positive, bacteria, direct contact respiratory droplets, sore throat and fever
tetanus
gram positive, bacteria, direct contact thru deep cut, lockjaw, neck and abdomen stiffness, difficulty swallowing, severe muscle spasms, generalized seizure
mrsa
gram positive, bacteria, direct contact, red, swollen, painful pustules
diphtheria
gram positive, bacteria, direct person to person contact with respiratory droplets or cutaneous lesions, sore throat, low fever, presence of a pseudomembrane over tonsils, throat and nose
whooping cough
gram positive, bacteria, eating raw or undercooked meats, cutaneous - blistered skin development of black dead tissue. inhalation - high fever, dyspnea, stridor, cyanosis, shock
botulism
gram positive, bacteria, foodborne, double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness
staphylococci
grapelike clusters found on the skin
streptococci
grown in chains, responsible for strep throat, certain types of pneumonia and rheumatic fever
genital herpes
herpes simplex virus 2, std, direct contact, pain, itching, small red bumps, blister, ulcers, congenital, premature birth, liver, lunch, spleen problems, small head size, seizures, hearing loss, vision loss, lack of coordination, mental disability
cold sores
herpes simplex virus, type 1, direct contact, sharing eating utensils or glasses, kissing, pain, tingling, small, painful, fluid filled blisters on a raised, red area of the skin around mouth
infestation
infection caused by a parasite
rheumatic fever
inflammation of heart tissue occurs in school age kids
parasitic insects
insects that can bite or burrow under the skin, mosquitoes, ticks, lice and mites
symptoms of hepatitis
jaundice, low appetite, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, joint pain or tenderness, stomach pain, general malaise
culture media
liquid, semisolid and solid
pathogens
microorganisms that cause disease
trichomoniasis
most common std, sexual contact, women - itching, burning, redness or soreness of genitals, dysuria, watery discharge and smell. men - itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after pee or ejaculation and some penile discharge
drug resistant microorganisms
mrsa, vre, visa, vrsa, esbl, prsp
An infection caused by microorganisms that don't ordinarily cause disease in people with properly functioning immune systems is an
opportunistic infection
parasite
organism that lives on or in another organism and uses it for its own nourishment or another advantage
round worm
parasite, contact with contaminated soil, can be asymptomatic, abdominal discomfort, intestinal blockage
The medical term for head lice is ____
pediculosis
polio
person to person, fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu like symptoms, back and neck stiffness, limb pain, paralysis
wet mount
prep of a specimen in liquid that allows the organisms to remain alive and mobile
scabies
prolonged, direct contact with infested person, worse at nite, intense itching and popular rash
labeling a specimen
pts. name & id #, collection site of specimen, date and time, dr. name, your initials
bacillus
rod shaped. infections include gastroenteritis, tb, pneumonia, whooping cough, uti, botulism and tetanus
protozoans
single cell, eukaryotic, larger than bacteria. found in soil and water. can cause malaria, dysentery venereal disease
bacteria
single celled prokaryotic organisms, reproduce quickly, major causes of disease
viruses
smallest known infectious agents, cannot be seen with a regular microscope. can only live and grow within living cells of other organisms
smear
specimen is spread thinly and evenly across a slide
spirillum
spiral shaped, responsible for syphilis and lyme disease
hepatitis c
spread by blood or body fluids and sex. no cure
hepatitis a
spread thru fecal oral route, rarely fatal, vaccine available
acid fast stain
staining procedure for identifying bacteria with a waxy cell wall
culture medium
substance that contains all the nutrients a particular microorganism needs
types of culture specimens
throat, urine, sputum, wound, stool
keratin
tough hard protein
KOH mount
type of wet mound, used for suspicion of fungal infection of skin, nails, hair or vagina
hepatitis d
vaccine available, only occurs in people infected with HBV
malaria
vector borne, mosquito, fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, body aches, general malaise
hepatitis
viral infection of the liver can lead to cirrhosis and death
viral pharyngitis
viral pathogen, direct person to person contact and respiratory, symptoms include cold, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, pink eye, fever, cystitis, gastroenteritis and or neurologic disease
types of microorganisms
viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, multicellular parasites
cryptosporidiosis
waterborne, swimming pools, abdominal cramps and pain, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fever and weight loss
HIV symptoms
weight loss, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats, sinus fullness, dry cough, sob, difficulty swallowing, gingivitis, oral lesions, diarrhea, bloody stools, depression, tingling, pain, rashes, dry skin, Kaposi's sarcoma
helper t cells
white blood cells of body's immune system to combat infection
