LearnSmart CH16

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Which events occur during bright light adaptation?

- Rods become inactive - Pupils constrict - Cones gradually adjust

Which are true of rods?

- There are more than 100 million rod cells per eye - They function well in dim light

Match these terms with their definitions.

Emmetropia - normal vision Hyperopia - farsightedness Myopia - nearsightedness

Which may result in symptoms such as reduced field of vision, dim vision and/or halos around lights?

Glaucoma

Which are the basic taste sensations?

Sweet, umami, sour

Prior to being stimulated by light the retinal portion of rhodopsin is in a bent twisted shape called _ -retinal

cis

As we adjust to low light, our _ become nonfunctional and it may take _ for rhodopsin to become regenerated sufficiently so that you can see well in low-light conditions.

cones, 20-30 minutes

The primary function of the _ is to prevent large objects from contacting the eye.

eyelashes

When the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the _ cells propagate a nerve signal along the _ nerve.

ganglion, optic

As a consequence of the dark current, _ channels in the photoreceptor open.

glutamate

In the taste bud, the basal cells replace the _ cells.

gustatory

The nasolacrimal duct is found on the _ side of the nose.

lateral

Lacrimal fluid prevents bacterial infection because it contains an antibacterial enzyme called _.

lysozyme

The sphincter pupillae is controlled by the _ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

What is the space behind the lens called?

posterior cavity

The apparent distortion of the spoon in the water glass is due to the phenomenon called _.

refraction

Tarsal glands are _.

sebaceous glands

The ciliary muscles are made of _ muscle.

smooth

The dendritic ending of each gustatory cell is formed by a slender gustatory microvillus, also called a _.

taste hair

Which are true of conjunctiva?

- it is vascular - it does not cover the cornea - it contains goblet cells

Place the structure of the eye in order from superficial to deep. Start with the outermost structure first.

1. Choroid 2. Photoreceptors 3. Horizontal cells 4. Bipolar cells

Place the layers of the eye in order from superficial to deep.

1. Fibrous tunic 2. Vascular tunic 3. Retina

Place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior.

1. Iris 2. Ciliary body 3. Choroid

Order these structures from superficial to deep. Outermost structure first.

1. Sclera 2. Choroid 3. Pigmented layer of retina 4. Neural layer of retina

Which are characteristics of the cornea?

Avascular, Transparent

Which type of receptor detects color?

B

Gustatory information travels through which cranial nerves?

CN IX and CN VII

What structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes?

Choroid

What is the name of the "snail-shaped" structure of the inner ear?

Cochlea

What structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?

Lens

What is the margin between the photosensitive and nonphotosensitive regions of the retina called?

Ora Serrata

The portion of the conjunctiva on the inside of the eyelid is called the _.

Palpebral Conjunctiva

What structure is the "white" of the eye?

Sclera

What structure makes up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic?

Sclera

The process is called the bleaching reaction because rhodopsin goes from a _ color to _.

bluish-purple, colorless

Macular degeneration occurs when the _ degenerates.

macula lutea

The lacrimal caruncle is on the _ side of the eye.

medial

Accommodation is the process of making the lens _.

more spherical

A detached retina is more likely to occur if a person is _.

nearsighted

Ganglion axons of the retina converge to form the _ nerve.

optic

The fat surrounding the eye is called _ fat.

orbital

The process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is _ .

phototransduction

Each type of photoreceptor has both an outer segment that extend into the _ layer of the retina and an inner segment.

pigmented

Aqueous humor is secreted into the _ chamber before traveling to the _ chamber of the eye.

posterior, anterior

An aging person would need to start wearing reading glasses if they suffer from _.

presbyopia

As tears drain, through the lacrimal caruncle, they enter small holes called the lacrimal _.

puncta

The black hole in the eye is called the _ and it is surrounded by the colorful _.

pupil; iris

In the eye, the _ humor is gelatinous.

vitreous

What color is the macula lutea?

yellow

Refraction of light for vision is greatest as light rays pass from _ into the _ because the difference in their refractive index is maximal.

air, cornea

What chamber is between the iris and cornea?

anterior chamber

Both the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity contain _ humor.

aqueous

What disorder is caused by unequal curvatures of the lens and cornea?

astigmatism

The _ controls the size or diameter of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye.

iris

The parasympathetic nervous system controls _.

A

Taste buds are made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and _ cells.

basal

In the light, _ cells are no longer inhibited and therefore release the neurotransmitter glutamate.

bipolar

Where are tears created?

Lacrimal Apparatus

True/False: In cones, the bleaching reaction occurs as cis-retinal transforms to trans-retinal.

True

Where is the trans-retinal transported so that the retinal can be reconverted back to its cis formation?

pigment epithelium

The lens is _ when we are viewing close-up objects.

rounded

Pink eye is also called _.

conjunctivitis

A _ shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a _ shaped lens is used to treat myopia.

convex, concave

The optic disc is associated with _.

cranial nerve II

Photoreceptors are _ when it is completely dark.

depolarized

Rods are essentially nonfunctional in bright light because _.

in bright light, rhodopsin will bleach as fast as it is reformed.

The _ segment of the photoreceptors connect directly to the cell body.

inner

Gustatory sensations travel to the _ of the brain.

insula

Cataracts are a disorder of the _.

lens


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