Chapter 47: Lipid-Lowering Agents
An older adult client's most recent physical assessment and diagnostic workup reveal the presence of dyslipidemia. The client is a candidate for monotherapy with a statin, and she will soon begin treatment with atorvastatin. The nurse should anticipate what prescription from the health care provider?
"Atorvastatin 10 mg PO daily"
After teaching a client about prescribed statin therapy, the nurse determines that additional teaching is needed when the client makes which statement?
"I can take the drug with grapefruit juice."
A client who is receiving cholestyramine also takes digoxin. The nurse teaches the client about the drug and administration. The client demonstrates understanding of the teaching when stating.
"I will take the digoxin about an hour before the cholestyramine."
A 58-year-old man has recently been prescribed atorvastatin (Lipitor) in an effort to reduce his cholesterol levels. The man has acknowledged the potentially harmful effects of hyperlipidemia and is motivated to make changes to resolve this health problem. What advice should the nurse give to this client?
"It's a good idea to keep your intake of saturated fat to a bare minimum."
A 39-year-old nulliparous woman has been taking atorvastatin for 2 years and has now decided that she would like to become pregnant. What health education should the nurse provide to this client?
"It's important that you stop taking atorvastatin before you stop using contraception."
A client calls the clinic and talks to the nurse. The client tells the nurse the client has been taking colesevelam (Welchol) for six months and that the client is having small amounts of bright red rectal bleeding and is concerned. What would an appropriate response from the nurse be?
"The bleeding may be coming from hemorrhoids. We should check this out."
The nurse is providing education to an older adult client who has been prescribed atorvastatin. How should the nurse describe the common adverse effects of the drug?
"The most common side effects of atorvastatin include some mild gastrointestinal upset."
A female client is taking a large dose of nicotinic acid to treat hyperlipidemia. She calls the clinic and reports that her face, neck, and chest are red. Which would be an appropriate response by the nurse?
"This is an expected adverse effect of the drug. It should subside in time."
The client wants information about triglycerides and cholesterol. Which response by the nurse would be correct?
"Triglycerides and cholesterol are fatlike substances found in your blood."
A patient is receiving atorvastatin. The nurse would anticipate that the maximum effectiveness of the drug would occur within which time frame?
1 to 2 hours
A client is being prescribed fluvastatin. The nurse reviews the client's medical record to ensure that the client has attempted lifestyle changes for at least a minimum of which amount of time?
12 weeks
A nurse is aware of the high incidence and prevalence of hyperlipidemia and the consequent need for antihyperlipidemics. Treatment of high cholesterol using statins would be contraindicated in which client?
An obese male client who is a heavy alcohol user and who has cirrhosis of the liver
A client with atrial fibrillation who is receiving oral anticoagulant therapy is receiving atorvastatin. The nurse would monitor this client for:
Bleeding
When describing the action of atorvastatin, which would the nurse include?
Blocking the enzyme that is involved in cholesterol synthesis
A patient with atrial fibrillation is receiving warfarin therapy. The patient is also prescribed ezetimibe. The nurse would instruct the patient to watch for:
Blood in urine or stool
A nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving lovastatin. Which assessment by the nurse would indicate that there is possible damage to the patient's skeletal muscle as a result of the drug therapy?
Brownish colored urine
A nurse would caution a client receiving cholestyramine to avoid mixing the drug with:
Carbonated beverages
A client is taking cholestyramine. The nurse will assess for which common adverse effect of the drug?
Constipation
A nurse is caring for a client receiving cholestyramine to improve his blood lipid profile at a home care setting. What adverse reactions to cholestyramine should the nurse monitor in the client?
Constipation
A client asks the nurse what the atorvastatin (Lipitor) prescribed for the client will do. What is an expected outcome for this client?
Decrease in serum cholesterol and LDL levels
Recommended treatments for clients with dyslipidemia are made according to their blood levels of total and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. What does the impact of existing cardiovascular disease have on recommendations?
Decreases target serum LDL level
Which of the following best reflects the action of ezetimibe?
Decreases the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the small intestine
Elevated blood lipids are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disorders. From where are blood lipids derived?
Diet
In addition to being synthesized in the liver and intestine, from where are blood lipids derived?
Diet
The nurse instructs a patient to take his prescribed simvastatin at bedtime to promote:
Enhanced drug effectiveness
A nurse is caring for a client prescribed nicotinic acid for hyperlipidemia. The nurse would assess the client for which findings as a possibility?
Flushing of the skin
A patient with hyperlipidemia is prescribed ezetimibe. Which ongoing assessment should the nurse perform during treatment?
Frequently monitor blood cholesterol.
After reviewing information about antihyperlipidemic drugs, a group of nursing students demonstrate understanding when they identify which medication as a fibric acid derivative (fibrate)?
Gemfibrozil
The three major classes of drugs used to control blood lipids are statins, bile acid resins (or sequestrants), and fibrates. Which is a fibrate?
Gemfibrozil
After reviewing the various agents used to lower lipid levels, the students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which agents as stimulating the breakdown of lipoproteins from the tissues and their removal from the plasma?
Gemfibrozil Fenofibrate
The nurse instructs a client to take the prescribed pravastatin at bedtime based on understanding that:
Greater drug effectiveness is achieved at this time.
The nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of drug therapy in a client with hyperlipidemia. Effective therapy is best demonstrated by which laboratory values?
HDL 58 LDL 96 Cholesterol 178
After reviewing information about lipoproteins, a group of students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as being loosely packed?
HDLs
The pharmacology instructor is discussing medications used in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Which drug class would the instructor identify as the most widely used dyslipidemia drugs?
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Which drug is most effective in reducing most major types of dyslipidemia in patients at risk or who have already developed CAD?
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
After teaching a group of students about drugs used to treat hyperlipidemia, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following?
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Bile acid resins Fibric acid derivatives
The client is diagnosed with hyperlipidemia and prescribed lovastatin. Which is the most common adverse effects of lovastatin?
Headache and flatulence
What is the most common reason for an elevated cholesterol level in a client who does not have a genetic disorder of lipid metabolism?
His dietary intake of saturated fat
A nurse is caring for a male patient who has a diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). His drug therapy includes lovastatin. Because the patient has a history of severe renal disease, the nurse will assess for a(n):
Increase in plasma concentration of lovastatin
The nurse is caring for a client newly prescribed rosuvastatin. The nurse should perform which preadministration or ongoing assessments?
Inspect the skin and eyelids for flat or elevated yellow deposits (xanthomas) and chart, if present. Determine if dizziness and unsteadiness of gait occurs after administering first dose of rosuvastatin. Evaluate for development of fever, muscle weakness or tenderness, or extreme fatigue and report to primary care provider. Check the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and if it is three times the normal, notify the primary care provider.
A client asks how ezetimibe will help to treat high lipid levels. The nurse explains that:
It decreases the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine.
An elderly client with dyslipidemia has had fenofibrate added to the existing medication regimen. In addition to having the lipid profile drawn on a regular basis, the nurse should educate the client about the need for what ongoing laboratory testing during therapy?
Liver panel
A female client presents to the health care provider's office with recurrence of her "hot flashes." The nurse understands that the client is taking what drug to treat her dyslipidemia?
Niacin
HMG-COA reductase inhibitors (statins) are classified as which pregnancy category?
Pregnancy category X
What should the nurse review about an antihyperlipidemic medication with the client when completing discharge counseling?
Reason for taking the prescribed drug Frequency of administration Drug name Dosage form
The nurse is providing education to a client who has been prescribed atorvastatin. In what way will the nurse describe how the drug achieves its desired therapeutic effect?
Reduces the amount of cholesterol synthesized by the liver
Which single class drug is known to be most effective in reducing the major types of dyslipidemia?
Statins
A client is currently taking propranolol (Inderal) for migraines, glipizide (Glucotrol) for diabetes, and acetaminophen (Tylenol) for osteoarthritis. If cholestyramine was given to this client, what would likely result?
The client would experience an increase in migraines due to decreased absorption of propranolol. The client would experience hyperglycemia from decreased absorption of glipizide.
A client with moderately elevated lipid levels requests immediate pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemia. The nurse explains that a period of intensive diet therapy and lifestyle modification will be utilized before drug therapy is considered based on what rationale?
Therapeutic lifestyle changes are the preferred method for lowering blood lipids.
What information would be included in a lipoprotein profile?
Total cholesterol Triglycerides LDL
After teaching a group of students about metabolic syndrome, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which characteristic?
Triglyceride level above 150 mg/dL
A patient with metabolic syndrome usually has increased plasminogen activator levels.
True
The nurse knows that part of the education plan for a client with the diagnosis of hyperlipidemia needs to include which lifestyle changes?
Weight loss Reduction of the intake of saturated fats Increased physical activity
A nurse is caring for several clients. Which client would have the greatest chance of developing CAD as determined by total cholesterol?
a 62-year-old White client with total cholesterol of 260 mg/dI
A client who has been taking a statin has seen an improvement in his cholesterol laboratory values; however, the low-density lipoprotein remains elevated. What medication will be added to the medical regime?
cholestyramine
Which would be classified as a bile acid sequestrant?
cholestyramine
In addition to being synthesized in the liver and intestine, from where are blood lipids derived?
diet
A client diagnosed with hyperlipidemia is prescribed a statin. The nurse is reviewing the client's history and would notify the client's health care provider if which condition was noted in the client's history?
liver disease
A client will begin taking atorvastatin, and the nurse is conducting relevant health education. The nurse should emphasize the need to report any new onset of:
muscle pain
The nurse is providing education to a client who has been prescribed atorvastatin. In what way will the nurse describe how the drug achieves its desired therapeutic effect?
reduces the amount of cholesterol synthesized by the liver