Chapter 5
Medicaid
Government health insurance for the poor
economic class of people who do not qualify for medicaid
"Near poor"
2014 Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA)
- Introduced by Obama in order to expand existing DACA. - Grant deferred action status to undocumented immigrants who have lived in U.S. since 2010 (or earlier) and have children who are either American Citizens or lawful permanent residents. - Not full legal status, but comes with renewable work permit and exemption from deportation
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- Legislation abandoned the quota system that had limited immigration to mostly Europeans for 50 years - New law maintained the per-county limits, but also created preference visa categories that focused on immigrants' skills and family relationships with citizens or U.S. residents
requirements for 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
- Under age of 31 as of June 15, 2012 - Came to U.S at age of 16 or younger - Have continuously lived in the U.S. since 2007 - Currently in school, graduated with High school diploma/GED. or honorably discharged Veteran - not convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor.
retirement can involve
- loss of identity - being deprived of work decreases social contacts - can mean less income which may require changing homes and downsizing
Diversities of immigrant population in U.S.
-Language, Living Arrangements, work, family form
Undocumented immigrants
-often young male laborers who come to work and leave families behind. - typically send money home to families - may have remainder of family join them in US when established - also include people who come to US as children
Three factors that have contributed to the growth in the Hispanic/ Latino population
1. A large influx of Latino Immigrants 2. first and second generation Latina women have a higher fertility rate than their Anglo counterparts 3. Live expectancy: Latinos outlive whites
common stereotypes of Asian Americans
1. Asian Americans as "model minority" 2. Asian American families as Patriarchal
Segmented Assimilation theory: Immigrants follow one of patterns.
1. Try to blend in as quickly as possible leaving their old culture behind 2. Resist assimilation by developing an adversarial stance toward dominant society (usually second generation poor/working class) 3. Resist assimilation by focusing more intensely on the social capital created through ethnic ties 4. Bicultural pattern: they adopt some patterns similar to those found in the host society and retain some from their heritage
Approximate number of undocumented immigrants that enter the U.S. each year
1.5 million
Estimated number of unauthorized immigrants currently in the U.S.
11-12 million
percentage of U.S. population that is Hispanic
16%
percentage of U.S. population that is Asian
5%
Average life expectancy of today
78
two largest immigrant groups coming to the U.S. today?
90% immigrants are from non-European countries, mostly Latin America and Asia
Beanpole Family Structure
A four generation family structure resulting from people living longer
Racial population who has lost their position as the most numerous racial minority
African Americans
Native American Indian
Ancestors have been living in North America for Approx. 11,000 years.
states that 25% of all elderly live
California, Florida, and New York
Asian American groups most likely to live in poverty
Cambodians, Vietnamese, Hmong, Laotian
largest Asian group in population
Chinese at 22%
Groups most likely to have households headed by single parents
Chinese, Filipino and Korean Americans
Asian American groups that are more likely to have higher incomes and educational levels
Chinese, Japanese, Asian Indians, and Filipino
What happened in 1935
Congress set the age when Social Security benefits would go into effect at 65
The Latino Paradox
Despite overall lower incomes, lower education levels, and lower probability of having proper healthcare, why is the life expectancy rate is higher for Latinos (mostly 1st generation Latino immigrants) that it is for other racial/ ethnic groups in the U.S.?
Asian Immigration from 1850 - 1950
Disproportionately made of low skilled workers with lower levels of education
Asian Immigration 1965 to present
Disproportionately made up on high- skilled workers with high levels of education, but also includes refugees with low levels of education
Gender and race more likely to being poor
Elderly African American and Latina women
Medicare
Government health insurance for the elderly (65+)
what now accounts for a large share of nation's population growth.
Immigration
2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
Introduced by Obama. Provide temporary relief from immigration enforcement and deportation proceedings, as well as authorization to work
Group among Asian Americans with highest divorce rate
Japanese Americans
Defining feature for Latino population
Kin networks
Largest hispanic group in U.S. population
Mexican
The top sending countries of legal permanent residents in 2014
Mexico, India, China, Philippines, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Vietnam, South Korea, and El Salvador
Immigration from 1850-1920
Millions of European immigrants entered the U.S. with 90% of immigrants coming into the country of European decent
barriers to assimilation: what cuts back on social services for immigrants makes it more difficult to assimilate?
Punitive legislation
Result from Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
The number of immigrants coming from Asia and Latin America increased. Shift in immigration dramatically changed the racial and ethnic makeup of U.S.
Sandwich Family Structure
Three generation household where middle age parents are simultaneously caring for their own parents and their own children
Immigration policy in 1920
U.S. placed limits on number of immigrants it would accept by passing the Emergency Quota Act in 1921
Group over-represented among elderly population
Whites.
political activism
a large number of elderly are politically active. - those age 65+ are more politically active than any other age group
Number of people in U.S. who are racial minorities
about 1/3
Asian Americans are
an extremely diverse group in terms of religion, language, income, education, occupational skills, and immigration experiences
2nd generation immigrant
born in U.S. but parent's born in another country
1.5 generation immigrant
born outside U.S. immigrated to U.S. before age of 16
1st Generation Immigrant
born outside the U.S. moved to U.S. at age 16+
the effects of gender dynamics for immigrants: what happens of immigrant women work outside home
can cause conflicts within relationships
repercussions of the great depression, slow U.S. economy and high unemployment rate on unauthorized Immigration
caused the number of unauthorized immigrants entering the U.S. each year to slightly drop
parachute children
children immigrate without their parents to pursue educational opportunities
Kin networks are based on
distinct social conditions
Even though this diversity is seen as something stronger, it can also lead to....
division and hostility in society
Marriage style most common among Asian women (and Latina)
exogamy (marring outside of one's group)
Barriers to Assimilation New Immigrants
face racial discrimination that immigrants from the early 20th century did not because they came to be identified as White
Transnational families
families whose members are living in two countries
3rd + generation immigrant
family has been in U.S. 3 or more generations
Generation of Mexican Americans that have smaller social networks than their second generation counterparts
first generation
Immigration Act of 1990: this act enhances the potential for
further migration or chain migration
Immigration Act of 1990: What is under the provisions of this act?
gaining immigrant status generally requires a sponsor, who may be a legal resident, a U.S. employer or in the case of refugees, the U.S. government
Barriers to assimilation Workforce demands
immigrants today must assimilate faster than immigrants of the past in order to find jobs
changes in the "old-old" and who are they
increase in people who are 85+
the children of immigrants are more likely to
live in poverty so they are at greater risk, compared to nonimmigrant children, to drop out of school, bear children as teenagers, and have poor health
number of divorces for Asian Americans compared to U.S. average
lower than average
Fertility rate among Chinese and Japanese American women
lowest compared to any other racial/ethnic group in the U.S.
Binational (Mixed) Families
may arise out of undocumented immigrants having children in US who are legal US citizens
"Aging in Place"
most elderly remain in their communities after retirement
Typical residents of nursing homes
over age of 75, female, white, and currently unmarried (usually widowed)
Binational (mixed status families) can cause
particular stress and strain on the family unit
fastest growing segment of population and why
people who are 65+ due to falling birth rates and advances in medicine
what are some things immigrants do in order to cope with economic hardship
pool resources, live in extended family arrangements, and work in family business
Generation of Mexican Americans that have highly elaborate family networks actively maintaining through frequent visits, ritual celebrations and the exchange of goods and services
second and third generation
Legal Immigration
since 1992, approximately 1 million legal immigrants have entered the U.S. each year.
disengagement
some elderly respond to the aging process by retreating form relationships,organizations, and society
Act that limited the number of immigrants accepted
the Emergency Quota Act
Current demographic change challenges
the cultural hegemony of White European tradition
Active elderly
the majority of elderly remain active until health problems curtail their mobility and mental acuity. - many engage in volunteer work, there are programs for seniors to volunteer in churches, public libraries, charities and as foster grandparents.
the effects of gender dynamics may change
the power distribution in relationships between men and women
Assimilation
the process by which an ethnic group adopts the culture of the larger society.
the effects on Gender dynamics for immigrants who arrive in their hose country they carry
the traditions, norms and culture of their homeland
Why do most people immigrate
to improve their economic situation and or flee repression
Latino Families are typically viewed as settings of...
traditional patriarchy because of machismo, the cult of masculinity
chain migration
when family members arrive at different times. Those who arrive first facilitate the arrival of other family members