Chapter 5

Medicaid

Government health insurance for the poor

economic class of people who do not qualify for medicaid

"Near poor"

2014 Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA)

- Introduced by Obama in order to expand existing DACA. - Grant deferred action status to undocumented immigrants who have lived in U.S. since 2010 (or earlier) and have children who are either American Citizens or lawful permanent residents. - Not full legal status, but comes with renewable work permit and exemption from deportation

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

- Legislation abandoned the quota system that had limited immigration to mostly Europeans for 50 years - New law maintained the per-county limits, but also created preference visa categories that focused on immigrants' skills and family relationships with citizens or U.S. residents

requirements for 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

- Under age of 31 as of June 15, 2012 - Came to U.S at age of 16 or younger - Have continuously lived in the U.S. since 2007 - Currently in school, graduated with High school diploma/GED. or honorably discharged Veteran - not convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor.

retirement can involve

- loss of identity - being deprived of work decreases social contacts - can mean less income which may require changing homes and downsizing

Diversities of immigrant population in U.S.

-Language, Living Arrangements, work, family form

Undocumented immigrants

-often young male laborers who come to work and leave families behind. - typically send money home to families - may have remainder of family join them in US when established - also include people who come to US as children

Three factors that have contributed to the growth in the Hispanic/ Latino population

1. A large influx of Latino Immigrants 2. first and second generation Latina women have a higher fertility rate than their Anglo counterparts 3. Live expectancy: Latinos outlive whites

common stereotypes of Asian Americans

1. Asian Americans as "model minority" 2. Asian American families as Patriarchal

Segmented Assimilation theory: Immigrants follow one of patterns.

1. Try to blend in as quickly as possible leaving their old culture behind 2. Resist assimilation by developing an adversarial stance toward dominant society (usually second generation poor/working class) 3. Resist assimilation by focusing more intensely on the social capital created through ethnic ties 4. Bicultural pattern: they adopt some patterns similar to those found in the host society and retain some from their heritage

Approximate number of undocumented immigrants that enter the U.S. each year

1.5 million

Estimated number of unauthorized immigrants currently in the U.S.

11-12 million

percentage of U.S. population that is Hispanic

16%

percentage of U.S. population that is Asian

5%

Average life expectancy of today

78

two largest immigrant groups coming to the U.S. today?

90% immigrants are from non-European countries, mostly Latin America and Asia

Beanpole Family Structure

A four generation family structure resulting from people living longer

Racial population who has lost their position as the most numerous racial minority

African Americans

Native American Indian

Ancestors have been living in North America for Approx. 11,000 years.

states that 25% of all elderly live

California, Florida, and New York

Asian American groups most likely to live in poverty

Cambodians, Vietnamese, Hmong, Laotian

largest Asian group in population

Chinese at 22%

Groups most likely to have households headed by single parents

Chinese, Filipino and Korean Americans

Asian American groups that are more likely to have higher incomes and educational levels

Chinese, Japanese, Asian Indians, and Filipino

What happened in 1935

Congress set the age when Social Security benefits would go into effect at 65

The Latino Paradox

Despite overall lower incomes, lower education levels, and lower probability of having proper healthcare, why is the life expectancy rate is higher for Latinos (mostly 1st generation Latino immigrants) that it is for other racial/ ethnic groups in the U.S.?

Asian Immigration from 1850 - 1950

Disproportionately made of low skilled workers with lower levels of education

Asian Immigration 1965 to present

Disproportionately made up on high- skilled workers with high levels of education, but also includes refugees with low levels of education

Gender and race more likely to being poor

Elderly African American and Latina women

Medicare

Government health insurance for the elderly (65+)

what now accounts for a large share of nation's population growth.

Immigration

2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Introduced by Obama. Provide temporary relief from immigration enforcement and deportation proceedings, as well as authorization to work

Group among Asian Americans with highest divorce rate

Japanese Americans

Defining feature for Latino population

Kin networks

Largest hispanic group in U.S. population

Mexican

The top sending countries of legal permanent residents in 2014

Mexico, India, China, Philippines, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Vietnam, South Korea, and El Salvador

Immigration from 1850-1920

Millions of European immigrants entered the U.S. with 90% of immigrants coming into the country of European decent

barriers to assimilation: what cuts back on social services for immigrants makes it more difficult to assimilate?

Punitive legislation

Result from Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

The number of immigrants coming from Asia and Latin America increased. Shift in immigration dramatically changed the racial and ethnic makeup of U.S.

Sandwich Family Structure

Three generation household where middle age parents are simultaneously caring for their own parents and their own children

Immigration policy in 1920

U.S. placed limits on number of immigrants it would accept by passing the Emergency Quota Act in 1921

Group over-represented among elderly population

Whites.

political activism

a large number of elderly are politically active. - those age 65+ are more politically active than any other age group

Number of people in U.S. who are racial minorities

about 1/3

Asian Americans are

an extremely diverse group in terms of religion, language, income, education, occupational skills, and immigration experiences

2nd generation immigrant

born in U.S. but parent's born in another country

1.5 generation immigrant

born outside U.S. immigrated to U.S. before age of 16

1st Generation Immigrant

born outside the U.S. moved to U.S. at age 16+

the effects of gender dynamics for immigrants: what happens of immigrant women work outside home

can cause conflicts within relationships

repercussions of the great depression, slow U.S. economy and high unemployment rate on unauthorized Immigration

caused the number of unauthorized immigrants entering the U.S. each year to slightly drop

parachute children

children immigrate without their parents to pursue educational opportunities

Kin networks are based on

distinct social conditions

Even though this diversity is seen as something stronger, it can also lead to....

division and hostility in society

Marriage style most common among Asian women (and Latina)

exogamy (marring outside of one's group)

Barriers to Assimilation New Immigrants

face racial discrimination that immigrants from the early 20th century did not because they came to be identified as White

Transnational families

families whose members are living in two countries

3rd + generation immigrant

family has been in U.S. 3 or more generations

Generation of Mexican Americans that have smaller social networks than their second generation counterparts

first generation

Immigration Act of 1990: this act enhances the potential for

further migration or chain migration

Immigration Act of 1990: What is under the provisions of this act?

gaining immigrant status generally requires a sponsor, who may be a legal resident, a U.S. employer or in the case of refugees, the U.S. government

Barriers to assimilation Workforce demands

immigrants today must assimilate faster than immigrants of the past in order to find jobs

changes in the "old-old" and who are they

increase in people who are 85+

the children of immigrants are more likely to

live in poverty so they are at greater risk, compared to nonimmigrant children, to drop out of school, bear children as teenagers, and have poor health

number of divorces for Asian Americans compared to U.S. average

lower than average

Fertility rate among Chinese and Japanese American women

lowest compared to any other racial/ethnic group in the U.S.

Binational (Mixed) Families

may arise out of undocumented immigrants having children in US who are legal US citizens

"Aging in Place"

most elderly remain in their communities after retirement

Typical residents of nursing homes

over age of 75, female, white, and currently unmarried (usually widowed)

Binational (mixed status families) can cause

particular stress and strain on the family unit

fastest growing segment of population and why

people who are 65+ due to falling birth rates and advances in medicine

what are some things immigrants do in order to cope with economic hardship

pool resources, live in extended family arrangements, and work in family business

Generation of Mexican Americans that have highly elaborate family networks actively maintaining through frequent visits, ritual celebrations and the exchange of goods and services

second and third generation

Legal Immigration

since 1992, approximately 1 million legal immigrants have entered the U.S. each year.

disengagement

some elderly respond to the aging process by retreating form relationships,organizations, and society

Act that limited the number of immigrants accepted

the Emergency Quota Act

Current demographic change challenges

the cultural hegemony of White European tradition

Active elderly

the majority of elderly remain active until health problems curtail their mobility and mental acuity. - many engage in volunteer work, there are programs for seniors to volunteer in churches, public libraries, charities and as foster grandparents.

the effects of gender dynamics may change

the power distribution in relationships between men and women

Assimilation

the process by which an ethnic group adopts the culture of the larger society.

the effects on Gender dynamics for immigrants who arrive in their hose country they carry

the traditions, norms and culture of their homeland

Why do most people immigrate

to improve their economic situation and or flee repression

Latino Families are typically viewed as settings of...

traditional patriarchy because of machismo, the cult of masculinity

chain migration

when family members arrive at different times. Those who arrive first facilitate the arrival of other family members