Chapter 5

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

19th

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35,12

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average. They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college.

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal rights amendment

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

Equality

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferrero

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

Which of the following are among redlining's legacies?

Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites). Segregated neighborhoods still exist.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities. It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It banned discriminatory voter registration practices. It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against Black voters.

Since the 1950s, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

Mexicans

Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo Pueblo

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such things as race, color, and religion.

What president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby County v. Holder

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States?

The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands. Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years.

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight was

based on obsolete statistics.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.

be college educated have a high median income

The type of discrimination in which traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice despite legal protections is

de facto discrimination.

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

educational institutions employers

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the United States, there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were ______.

fewer than 1 million

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of --- classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.

groups more often fight for civil rights

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians ______.

inferior people

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law

is almost always unconstitutional.

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

literacy tests poll taxes whites-only primaries

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

marches in nonviolent protest boycotts

How many Hispanics currently serve in the U.S. House of Representatives?

more than 30

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be

narrowly tailored

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

In a 1947 case, the Supreme Court ruled that because they had no law school for Black students, the University of Oklahoma was ______ to admit Ada Sipuel to its law school.

required

Among the laws passed in the 1960s and 1970s that gave women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting which of the following?

sexual discrimination in access to financial credit certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job sexual discrimination in higher education

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

Rioting broke out in 1957 during

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on ______.

the performance of a particular employee the nature of the job

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

the right to keep their jobs regardless of their sexual orientation the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, DC, to protest federal policy.

trail of broken treaties

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

true

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

women Catholics Asian Americans

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

The largest recent Hispanic demonstrations in the U.S. have been in reaction to

a bill passed by the House that would have led to the arrest and deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants.

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools. Multiple choice question.

bilingual

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in ______.

winning elective office

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.

Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination?

Ted Cruz Marco Rubio

Which of the following actions first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?

a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

compelling

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

discrimination in public accommodations

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.

in their states of entry

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining