Chapter 5

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? a.) 30% : 30% : 30% b.) 70% : 40% : 60% c.) 80% : 40% : 30% d.) 20% : 50% : 70%

80% : 40% : 30%

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory a.) an absence of sensory b.) normal short-term c.) poor short-term d.) exceptional short-term

poor short-term

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a.) cingulate gyrus b.) nucleus acumbens c.) diencephalon d.) prefrontal cortex

prefrontal cortex

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called a.) proactive interference b.) anterograde amnesia c.) chunking d.) episodic buffering

proactive interference

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a.) receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe b.) receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe c.) sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal d.) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with a.) sensory b.) autobiographical c.) short-term d.) long-term

short-term

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a.) the phonological similarity effect b.) the physiological approach to coding c.) the persistence of vision d.) short-term memory

short-term memory

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a.)14 929 111 776 b.) 1492 911 1776 c.) 14 92 91 117 76 d.) 149 29111 776

1492 911 1776

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a.) just under a fraction of a second b.) indefinite c.) 15-20 seconds or less d.) 1-3 minutes or more

15-20 seconds or less

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as a.) L b.) R c.) C d.) I

C

If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? a.) He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice b.) He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color c.) He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics d.) He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a.) Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer b.) Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory c.) Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory d.)Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a.) The central executive and the phonological loop b.) The central executive and long-term memory c.) The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad d.) The phonological loop and long-term memory

The central executive and long-term memory

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember a.) a list of words that are of same length than a list of words that are of different length b.) a list of words that are of different length than a list of words that are all of same length c.) a long list of words than a short list of words d.) a list of long words than a list of short words

a list of long words than a list of short words

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM. a.) coding b.) iconic c.) automatic d.) control

control

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10% after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ____ but later research showed that it was actually due to ____ a.) priming, interference b.) decay, interference c.) interference; decay d.) decay; lack of rehearsal

decay, interference

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a.) delay b.) stimulus c.) response d.) encoding

delay

The primary effect of chunking is to a.) increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound b.) increase the efficiency of short term memory c.) develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information d.) maximize the recency effect

increase the efficiency of short term memory

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is a.) forgotten b.) manipulated c.) perceived d.) permanently stored

manipulated

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) a.) sentences b.) meaningful units c.) words d.) letters

meaningful units

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to a.) your overloading the phonological loop b.) proactive interference c.) a release from proactive interference d.) a recency effect

proactive interference

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND a.) saying "no" for each corner that is an inside corner and saying "yes" for each corner that is an outside corner? b.) saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and saying "no" for each corner that is an outside corner? c.) pointing to the letter "Y" for each inside corner and "N" for each outside corner? d.) pointing to the letter "N" for each inside corner and "Y" for each outside corner?

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and saying "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

The word-length effect reveals that a.) STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages b.) the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity c.) longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words d.) working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/ image information

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on a.) delayed response coding b.) the STM recency effect c.) the visuospatial sketch pad d.)the phonological loop

the visuospatial sketch pad

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a.) Trying to remember a map of the area b.) Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen c.) Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d.) Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned