Chapter 5

Alternative Sweeteners

Substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories

Sherita ate some whole-wheat crackers with grape jelly for a snack. As this snack passed through her digestive tract, discuss what happened to the starch, sucrose, and fiber in the food.

A minor amount of starch is digested in the mouth by the action of salivary amylase. Starch digestion stops soon after the food enters the acid environment of the stomach. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase breaks down remaining starch molecules into maltose molecules. The enzyme maltase splits each maltose molecule into two glucose molecule. The enzyme maltase splits each maltose molecule into two glucose molecules. The glucose molecules are absorbed by small intestinal cells; they enter the bloodstream and travel to the liver via the portal vein. In the small intestine, sucrose splits the sucrose molecules in the grape jelly into glucose and fructose molecules. These monosaccharides are absorbed by small intestinal cells and eventually enter the hepatic portal vein and travel to the liver. The fiber n the crackers was not digested. The fiber moves through her intestinal tract and may be fermented by bacteria in her large intestine or contribute to her feces.

Diverticula

Abnormal, tiny sacs that form in wall of colon

Ketone bodies

Chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown

What is the primary fuel for muscles and other cells?

Cholesterol

Complex Carbohydrates

Compounds comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together

Metabolic syndrome

Condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD

Hypoglycemia

Condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low

What is a food that has a high glycemic index?

Cornflakes cereal

Sucrose

Disaccharide comprised of a glucose and a fructose molecule; "table sugar"

Lactose

Disaccharide comprised of a glucose and a galactose molecule; "milk sugar"

Maltose

Disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar"

Pancreatic Amylase

Enzyme secreted by pancreas that breaks downs starch into maltose molecules

Salivary Amylase

Enzyme secreted by salivary glands that begin starch digestion

Lactase

Enzyme that splits lactose molecule

Sucrose

Enzyme that splits sucrose molecule

Lipolysis

Fat breakdown

Soluble Fiber

Forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water

Insoluble Fiber

Forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water

What is the chemical name for blood sugar?

Glucose

Identify the three most important dietary monosaccharides.

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

What substance is a polysaccharide?

Glycogen

Glycogenosis

Glycogen breakdown

Diabetes Mellitus

Group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

Syndrome

Group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem

Nonnutritive Sweeteners

Group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar

Epinephrine

Hormone produces by adrenal glands; also called adrenalin

Glucagon

Hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels

Insulin

Hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels

Lactose Intolerance

Inability to digest lactose properly

What monosaccharides comprise each molecule of maltose, lactose, and sucrose?

Maltose I comprised of two glucose molecules, glucose and galactose comprise lactose; and glucose and fructose comprise sucrose

Fructose

Monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "levulose" or "fruit sugar"

Galactose

Monosaccharide that is a component of lactose

Glucose

Monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "dextrose" or "blood sugar"

What is the difference between a nutritive sweetener and a nonnutritive sweetener?

Nutritive sweetener provides energy, a nonnutritive sweetener does not provide energy in the amounts typically used to sweeten foods

Name some examples of a soluble fiber

Oat bran, oatmeal, beans, apples, carrots, oranges and other citrus fruits

Disaccharide

Simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar that is the basic molecule of carbohydrates

Glycogen

Storage polysaccharide in animals

Starch

Storage polysaccharide in plants

Nutritive Sweeteners

Substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods

What is the chemical name for table sugar?

Sucrose

What substance is a disaccharide?

Sucrose

Added Sugars

Sugars added to foods during processing or preparation

What is the major function of carbohydrate in the body?

To provide a source of energy.

What is a condition clearly associated with eating dietary carbohydrates, especially sticky sugars?

Tooth Decay

What is the best source of soluble fiber?

Whole-grain oat cereal

Name some examples of an insoluble fiber

Whole-grain products, including brown rice

What is a sign associated with metabolic syndrome?

High fasting flood glucose

What is an enzyme that breaks down lactose?

Lactase

Hyperglycemia

Abnormal high blood glucose level

Dietary Fiber

Indigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharides

__________ is the hormone that enables glucose to enter cells.

Insulin

What effects do insulin and glucagon have on blood glucose levels?

Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels because the hormone enables glucose to enter most cells. The hormone enhances energy storage by promoting fat, glycogen, and protein production. Glucagon opposes insulin's effects by promoting the breakdown of glycogen. This process releases glucose into the blood-stream and, as a result boosts the blood glucose level back to normal. Glucagon also stimulates liver and kidney cells to produce glucose from certain amino acids, the basic molecules that make up proteins. Furthermore, glucagon simulates the breakdown of triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids. As a result, glycerol and fatty acids rapidly enter into the bloodstream.

What is a ketone body? Under what conditions does the body form excessive ketone bodies>

It is a chemical that results from the incomplete breakdown of fat. Cells form ketone bodies when they must use greater-than-normal amounts of fat for energy. Under these conditions, there is not enough glucose available for cells to metabolize the fat efficiently, and extensive ketone bodies form as a result.

What is the chemical name for milk sugar?

Lactose

What is the chemical name for malt?

Maltose

Type 2 diabetes is

Often associated with excess body weight

What is the primary source of added sugars in the typical American diet?

Regular Soft Drinks

What is the difference between viscous and fermentation-resistant forms of dietary fiber?

Soluble fiber is viscous fiber, because it usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that rapidly fermented by bacterial action. Insoluble or fermentation-resistant fiber does not break down completely, and as a result, contributes to softer and easier-to-eliminate bowel movements.

Dietary Fiber is

not digested by the human intestinal tract