chapter 5

Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. She is also the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ generation.

sandwich

Years sometimes pass before old friends reconnect. When they reunite, they often remark that "it's like no time has passed!" With respect to the three major issues reviewed in the text, this scenario BEST supports the notion that the development of close friendships is characterized by:

stability.

Scott is 61. He has just celebrated his twenty-fifth anniversary at his company. He felt that his gold watch was just a meaningless trinket and was glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Scott is in the stage of development called generativity versus _____.

stagnation

Scientists have found that nicotine can be passed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n):

teratogen.

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

Judy has leukemia and has been prescribed a series of medications to help treat the condition. However, she regularly forgets to take her medication. What could she do to help remember to take her medication on time?

write a note to herself

Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Enriquez has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a(n):

zygote

The correct order of prenatal development is:

zygote, embryo, and fetus.

The shortest period of prenatal development is the period of the:

zygote.

Viv's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Viv's father has a(n) _____ parenting style.

Authoritarian

Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.

Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." What is this course MOST likely titled?

Developmental Psychology

Meena and several classmates are participating in a debate concerning continuity versus stages in development. Meena's task is to support stage theories. Which of these points is Meena LEAST likely to make in the debate?

Most contemporary developmental psychologists are stage theorists.

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the life span.

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

scaffold

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:

accommodation.

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults, neurocognitive disorders are also called dementia.

attachment

an emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation.

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

Five-year-old Lilah is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is MOST likely due to neural networks sprouting in her brain's _____ lobe.

frontal

From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes.

frontal

A 2019 study by the West Virginia University School of Medicine found that 8.1 percent of 1729 newborns were exposed to alcohol 2 to 4 weeks before birth. This finding is _____ with research reported in the text in which 1 in _____ pregnant women worldwide admitted drinking alcohol while pregnant.

generally consistent; 10

Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation state.

generativity

Marcia is 48. She has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing:

generativity.

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the life span

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

accommodation

in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

In Western cultures, the duration of adolescence is:

increasing

Belle was admitted to hospice care several weeks before her ninetieth birthday. She remarked at least once that she "just wanted to make 90." Belle died 2 days after a small family celebration of her birthday at her bedside. This vignette BEST illustrates:

the death-deferral phenomenon.

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing.

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

During intercourse, approximately _____ million sperm are released.

250

Which woman is MOST likely to be experiencing menopause currently?

51-year-old Agnes

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

A game of peekaboo with his dad excites Warren during the first 6 months of his life because Warren actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because Warren lacks:

object permanence.

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

Marcus has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Marcus has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

Which of these is NOT a factor contributing to the earlier age of puberty?

premature sexual activity

Your grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of these are you likely to notice about her abilities?

Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing.

sensory memory

Information in this memory stage lasts for less than one second.

implicit memory

Information that affects one's behavior but is very difficult to consciously recall and put into words is _____ memory.

At 12 months of age, James is classified as securely attached. Which behaviors in the strange situation would be consistent with his classification?

James is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and pleased when she returns.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Alzheimer's disease

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

cross-sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

longitudinal study

research that follows and retests the same people over time.

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the attractive EMT came over to her, Erin would be MOST likely to say:

"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."

For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others around her age. What age range is Margaret likely in?

75 to 80

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

retrieving

Jason's mother has recently undergone testing by a doctor specializing in memory. The results of her tests indicate that her encoding and storage are functioning fine, but that the process of _____, one of the three fundamental processes involved in memory, is not functioning well.

Yun Hee lives in New York and is concerned about her daughter, who will be 1 year old next week. Her baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on this. Should she be worried?

No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.

Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks goth, and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?

No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.

Lee is an 8-month-old infant who is already walking and even running around his house. What would his pediatrician likely say to Lee's parents?

This is actually rare, as most babies do not start walking until around their first birthday.

Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the MOST likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?

a pubertal hormonal surge

A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:

a theory of mind.

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and Internet privileges for 2 months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. With respect to Baumrind's parenting styles, Maura's parents are MOST likely _____, and Trish's are MOST likely _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Luca's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritative

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. In Piaget's terms, the child lacks a concept of _____.

conservation

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is MOST directly relevant to the issue of:

continuity and stages.

Cindy is studying cognitive development among adults. She administers several memory and problem-solving tasks to a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 40-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds. Cindy is using a _____ research design.

cross-sectional

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester?

developmental psychology

Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?

early adulthood

Clay is hiding under his blanket so that he is invisible. He believes that if he cannot see his parents, they cannot see him. Clay is demonstrating:

egocentrism.

Mike is watching a Disney movie with his son Jason. Jason likes the movie so much that he becomes excited and stands in front of the television. Mike asks Jason to move so that he can see the television. Jason does not move. Jason is demonstrating:

egocentrism.

The second and third trimesters of pregnancy occur entirely within the _____ period of prenatal development.

fetal

From 2 months after conception until birth, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):

fetus.

Abigail is disgusted at the album cover for a rapper's new album. The cover displays the rapper in a pose showing off her backside, wearing nothing but a G-string. Abigail believes that this is a sexualized portrayal of the rapper and believes that young girls who are fans will see this form of self-objectification as acceptable. Abigail has vouched to boycott anything that is from the rapper. Abigail has entered Piaget's _____ stage of development.

formal operational

Christina is in the eighth grade and is taking pre-algebra. She is doing very well and will be in Algebra 1 next year. Christina is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

formal operational

Leslie is in the tenth grade and is currently taking calculus. She is doing very well and has even earned an A in the class. Leslie is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

formal operational

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infants and toddlers program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her pant leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Which term BEST describes Adam's attachment style?

insecure

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Semantic memory

is a type of long-term memory that includes general knowledge, concepts, facts, and name

Laney is investigating early language acquisition. She selects a group of 6-month-old babies, and then assesses them every 3 months until they are 2 years old. Laney is using a(n) _____ research design.

longitudinal

Chanice is 12 years old. When she woke up this morning, she noticed blood on her bed. This has never happened before. Chanice is experiencing:

menarche

June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.

role confusion

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing:

role confusion.

When a baby's cheek is touched, they will turn toward the touch and open their mouth in search of a nipple; this is known as the _____ reflex.

rooting

Dr. Babineaux asks a sample of 8-year-old children to complete measures of several personality traits. When the same children are 16 years old, she asks them to complete measures of the same traits. Dr. Babineaux then computes correlations between the two sets of measures. Her results are MOST relevant to the _____ issues.

stability and change

Gabriel recently signed up for a website that reunites one with former classmates from elementary school. He is curious to see if many of his former classmates still look and act the same. Research on stability and change would predict:

that some things about his classmates will be the same, whereas other aspects will be quite different.

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Juan Carlos's son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents:

the stability side of the stability and change developmental issue.

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.