Chapter 5 and 6 checkpoint APESC

72. Which country had the world's longest life expectancy in 2012? a. U.S. b. Sweden c. Germany d. Japan e. Denmark

d. Japan

53. About ____%of the children born in 2012 were an addition to the world's more developed countries. a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 15 e. 20

a. 2

92. According to the demographic transition model, what trend is true of countries in Stage 2: Transitional? a. Death rates drop, followed by birth rates. b. Birth rates drop, followed by death rates. c. Birth and death rates rise at the same time. d. Birth and death rates fall at the same time. e. Total population begins to fall

a. Death rates drop, followed by birth rates.

80. Which country is currently facing a declining population? a. Germany b. United States c. Australia d. Nigeria e. Saudi Arabia

a. Germany

90. Ninety percent of Indian couples have access to modern birth control methods. What percentage actually use one? a. 80% b. 49% c. 62%. d. 10% e. 31%

b. 49%

78. Demographers estimate the human population in 2050 to be between 7.8 and 10.8 billion - a range of three billion. Why is the estimated range so wide? a. More-developed countries routinely inflate their estimates. b. Projections are made by a variety of organizations. c. Fertility rates are calculated with a standard formula by country. d. Ranges include maximum and minimum estimated casualties of war. e. Statistics regarding drought and famine are constantly shifting.

b. Projections are made by a variety of organizations.

76. Between 1955 and 2012, the global total fertility rate (TFR) dropped from in less-developed countries from 5 to what level? a. 4.5 b. 3.6 c. 2.4 d. 2.1 e. 1.8

c. 2.4

71. About 2.3 million people were added to the U.S. population in 2012. What percentage of this increase was due to immigration? a. 10% b. 20% c. 30% d. 40% e. 50%

c. 30%

58. If every woman on the earth had no more than an average of 2.1 children during their reproductive years, the human population would continue to rise for how long? a. 5,000 years b. 150 years c. 50 years d. 20 years e. 5 years

c. 50 years

66. Since 1955, the global life expectancy has risen to ____. a. 48 years b. 52 years c. 70 years d. 72 years e. 78 years

c. 70 years

97. Which statement about India is false? a. Twenty-five percent of people in cities live in slums. b. India has the fourth largest economy. c. Eighty percent of rural people have adequate sanitation. d. Nearly one-half of the people are unemployed or underemployed. e. Forty percent of the population suffers from extreme poverty.

c. Eighty percent of rural people have adequate sanitation.

62. What circumstance would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child? a. The use of children as an essential part of the family labor force b. Lack of contraceptive availability c. Opportunities for women to participate in education and employment d. The lack of a public or private pension system e. High infant mortality rates

c. Opportunities for women to participate in education and employment

47. What is a population's distribution of individuals among various age groups called? a. reproductive structure b. genetic structure c. age structure d. reproductive composition e. age composition ____

c. age structure

37. There are ____ limits to population growth in nature. a. never b. sometimes c. always d. low e. high

c. always

75. The total fertility rate is the ____. a. number of children born to a woman during her lifetime b. number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves c. average number of children born to women in their reproductive years d. number of live births per 1000 people e. births and immigrations into a population

c. average number of children born to women in their reproductive years

7. From the ____ point of view, parasites are harmful, but from the ____ perspective, parasites can promote diversity. a. population's; host's b. host's; population's c. predator's; prey's d. prey's; predator's e. community's; individual's

b. host's; population's

64. Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children per 1,000 births that die ____. a. by their fifth birthday b. before their first birthday c. before six months d. in their first month e. at birth

b. before their first birthday

3. When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. What is this called? a. competition b. coevolution c. coincidence d. commensalism e. predation

b. coevolution

4. Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high frequency echolocation to locate their prey. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of ____. a. mimicry b. coevolution c. a behavioral strategy d. commensalism e. mutualism

b. coevolution

21. Kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of a(n) ____. a. algae b. phytoplankton c. seaweed d. trees e. anemone

c. seaweed

20. Kelp forests are a very important ecosystem in marine waters by supporting important biodiversity. These kelp forests are threatened by all of the following except ____. a. water pollution containing herbicides b. sea urchins c. southern sea otters d. global warming e. water pollution containing fertilizers

c. southern sea otters

77. The U.S. total fertility rate has remained at or below replacement rate since what year? a. 1942 b. 1952 c. 1962 d. 1972 e. 1982

d. 1972

56. The replacement-level fertility rate is ____ for developed countries and ____ for developing countries. a. 1.6; 1.9 b. 2.5; 2.0 c. 2.0; 2.5 d. 2.1; 2.5 e. 1.8; 2.1

d. 2.1; 2.5

65. Worldwide, how many children under one year of age die each day of preventable causes? a. 500 b. 1,000 c. 3,000 d. 5,500 e. 11,000

e. 11,000

51. At today's level of consumption, scientists estimate that we would need the equivalent of ____ planet Earths to sustain our use of resources in 2050. a. 1.0 b. 1.1 c. 1.2 d. 1.3 e. 2.0

e. 2.0

68. According to recent research, how many environmental refugees were there in the year 2008? a. 100,000 b. 1,000,000 c. 5,000,000 d. 25,000,000 e. 40,000,000

e. 40,000,000

15. What is the most common interaction between species? a. competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

a. competition

98. The world's first national ____ program began in India in 1952. a. family planning b. economic transition c. literacy d. sterilization e. urbanization

a. family planning

70. Population change is calculated using which of the following formulas? a. (deaths + emigration) - (births + immigration) b. (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration) c. (deaths + immigration) - (births + emigration) d. (births + emigration) - (deaths + immigration) e. (births + deaths) - (immigration + emigration)

b. (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

69. Currently, legal and illegal immigration account for approximately how much of the U.S. annual population growth? a. 100% b. 30% c. 63% d. 24% e. 15%

b. 30%

85. Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people ____ years of age. a. 1-4 b. 5-14 c. 15-49 d. 50-65 e. 66+

c. 15-49

94. Which statistic is not true of women globally? a. Women have more children if they are educated. b. Women account for 66% of all hours worked but receive only 10% of world's income. c. Women own less than 20 of the world's land. d. Women make up 700 o of the world's poor. e. Women represent 66% of the world's illiterate adults.

a. Women have more children if they are educated.

26. Which of the following exhibits primary succession? a. a rock exposed by a retreating glacier b. an abandoned farm c. a clear-cut forest d. newly flooded land e. a recently burned forest

a. a rock exposed by a retreating glacier

31. Most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ____. a. are in a state of continual disturbance and change b. are in a stable state of equilibrium c. are in natural balance with their environment d. have followed an expected path to their stable state as a climax community e. have inevitably progressed through succession and no longer face competition

a. are in a state of continual disturbance and change

14. What occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources? a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

a. interspecific competition

40. Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes is typical of ____. a. logistic growth b. environmental resistance c. exponential growth d. carrying capacity e. biotic potential

a. logistic growth

60. Which factor below is least likely to affect birth and fertility rates today? a. number of people 60 or older b. cost of raising and educating children c. religious beliefs d. educational and employment opportunities for women e. average age at marriage

a. number of people 60 or older

35. What is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations? a. population density b. population control c. the range of tolerance d. the age structure e. the optimum population level

a. population density

6. Parasites ____. a. rarely kill their hosts b. are usually larger than their hosts c. must be internal to their hosts d. may strengthen their hosts over a long period of time e. are usually microscopic

a. rarely kill their hosts

1. What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s? a. They scared the tourists. b. They have thick, luxurious fur. c. They were mining the kelp beds. d. They were eating all the shellfish. e. They raided valuable bird nests.

b. They have thick, luxurious fur.

2. The primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is important is because they ____. a. are educational b. are a keystone species c. encourage tourism d. eliminate common pests e. have luxurious, thick fur

b. are a keystone species

88. Rapidly growing countries have an age structure diagram that ____. a. forms an inverted pyramid b. has a broad-based pyramid c. shows little variation in population by age d. has a small pre-reproductive population e. has a large post reproductive population

b. has a broad-based pyramid

22. The ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called ____. a. stability b. inertia c. constancy d. tipping point e. resilience

b. inertia

34. Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions. What is this ecological principle? a. tolerance b. limiting factor c. resilience d. persistence e. optimal level

b. limiting factor

33. Which of the following has caused the population of the southern sea otters to fluctuate? a. decline in population of orcas b. parasites from house cats c. parasites from dolphins d. high reproductive rates e. extinction of algal species

b. parasites from house cats

43. A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region is called a(n) ____. a. community b. population c. ecosystem d. biosphere e. biome ____

b. population

61. Which factor is more likely to increase the likelihood of a couple having a child (rather than decrease the likelihood)? a. need for child to be part of the labor force b. religious beliefs c. cost of child's education d. lack of a pension system e. employment opportunities for women

b. religious beliefs

17. Species can, over a long period of time, develop adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid competition by sharing resources. This is called ____. a. competitive exclusion principle b. resource partitioning c. population distribution d. interspecific competition e. mimicry

b. resource partitioning

27. What is succession that begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, and that contains soil or bottom sediment? a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. ecological establishment d. disturbance succession e. facilitation

b. secondary succession

54. The exponential rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years has been a result of ____. a. large birth rate increases b. sharp drop in death rates c. significant immigration d. leveling off of death rates e. fewer epidemics

b. sharp drop in death rates

19. Kelp forests help reduce ____ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand. a. runoff b. shore erosion c. coastal pollution d. tidal waves e. tidal pools

b. shore erosion

32. The capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called ____. a. equilibrium b. stability c. balance of nature d. facilitation e. inhibition

b. stability

18. Some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. What is this called? a. chemotoxicity b. biological warfare c. chemical warfare d. behavioral warfare e. behavioral strategies

c. chemical warfare

44. What is the most common distribution of populations? a. random b. uniform c. clumped d. circles e. none of these ____

c. clumped

46. Emigration is the ____. a. arrival of individuals into an established population b. arrival movement of individuals into an uninhabited area c. departure movement of individuals from a population to another area d. repeated movement into and out of an area e. lack of immigration into an area ____

c. departure movement of individuals from a population to another area

67. The United States has one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries. What is the primary reason for this? a. educational opportunities for women in the U.S. b. delayed pregnancy until later in life c. drug addiction among women d. urbanization e. increased childhood obesity

c. drug addiction among women

12. Plants such as bromeliads share a commensalism interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests by attaching to the trunks or branches of the trees. The bromeliads are an example of ____. a. parasites b. opportunistic parasites c. epiphytes d. prey e. Herbivores

c. epiphytes

73. Environmental refugees typically migrate to ____. a. seek jobs b. avoid religious persecution c. escape water or food shortages d. join family e. seek educational opportunities

c. escape water or food shortages

39. When plotting the number of individuals in a population against time, the data yield a J-shaped curve. What does this curve indicate? a. logistic growth b. environmental resistance c. exponential growth d. carrying capacity e. biotic potential

c. exponential growth

29. The situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often, less suitable for itself, is called ____. a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. facilitation d. inhibition e. tolerance

c. facilitation

87. Countries that have reached zero population growth have an age structure diagram that ____. a. forms an inverted pyramid b. forms a broad-based pyramid c. has little variation in prereproductive and reproductive age groups d. has a large pre-reproductive population e. has a large reproductive population

c. has little variation in prereproductive and reproductive age groups

84. A high incidence of AIDS in a country is least likely to result in a(n) ____. a. loss of productive young workers b. increase of orphaned children c. increase in life expectancy d. loss of working adults to support the elderly e. reduction of skilled workers

c. increase in life expectancy

82. Rapid population decline is least likely to result in ____. a. less government revenues with fewer workers b. less new business formation c. increased pensions and lowered retirement age d. less likelihood for new technology development e. increasing public deficits

c. increased pensions and lowered retirement age

55. Currently, how many people on the earth do not have their basic needs met? a. one out of every two people b. one out of every three people c. one out of every five people d. one out of every ten people e. one out of every fifteen people

c. one out of every five people

5. What is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism? a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

c. parasitism

48. What describes an organism that is too old to reproduce? a. prereproductive b. reproductive c. post reproductive d. nonreproductive e. elderly ____

c. post reproductive

99. Which stage does not belong in the demographic transition model? a. preindustrial b. industrial c. pre-transitional d. transitional e. postindustrial

c. pre-transitional

49. Each population in an ecosystem has a ____ to variations in its physical and chemical environment. a. low tolerance b. high tolerance c. range of tolerance d. high resilience e. low resilience ____

c. range of tolerance

16. If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following? a. camouflage b. cooperation c. resource partitioning d. resource expansion e. mimicry

c. resource partitioning

74. The crude birth rate is the number of live births per ____ persons in a given year. a. 50 b. 100 c. 500 d. 1,000 e. 100,000

d. 1,000

79. Members of the baby-boom generation make up ____% of all adult Americans. a. 6 b. 16 c. 26 d. 36 e. 46

d. 36

59. The 2012 U.S. population of 314 million is expected to reach what level by 2050? a. 550 million b. 500 million c. 450 million d. 400 million e. 350 million

d. 400 million

41. By 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the U.S. were reduced to about ____, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators have nearly been eliminated, their population is over ____ in the a. 500; 1 million b. 5,000; 1 million c. 50,000; 5 million d. 50,000; 25 million e. 100,000; 10 million

d. 50,000; 25 million

91. Which statement about China is false? a. Between 1972 and 2012, China cut its birth rate in half. b. China's population is expanding slowly. c. Eighty-five percent of Chinese couples use some form of birth control. d. China has very few critical resource and environmental problems. e. India's population will exceed China's by 2030.

d. China has very few critical resource and environmental problems.

96. Which statement about India's resource and environmental problems is false? a. India has 18% of world's people, but only 2.3% of world's land resources. b. About one-half of India's cropland is degraded. c. About two-thirds of its water is seriously polluted. d. India has about 1 0 o of the world's forests. e. Sanitation services are often inadequate.

d. India has about 1 0 o of the world's forests.

24. If the resilience of a damaged ecosystem is low enough, the degraded area may not be restored by secondary succession. When this happens, the damaged ecosystem has reached ____. a. stability b. inertia c. constancy d. a tipping point e. resilience

d. a tipping point

38. The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of a. logistic growth b. environmental resistance c. exponential growth d. carrying capacity e. biotic potential

d. carrying capacity

100. In the demographic transition model, death rates fall while birth rates remain high ____. a. during the preindustrial stage b. during the industrial stage c. during the postindustrial stage d. during the transitional stage e. following the postindustrial stage

d. during the transitional stage

63. Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are ____. a. birth rate and death rate b. replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate c. life expectancy and death rate d. life expectancy and infant mortality rate e. population growth rate and death rate

d. life expectancy and infant mortality rate

10. The relationship between bacteria that live in the digestive systems of animals, such as humans, is ____. a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

d. mutualism

81. What shape in an age-structure chart would best illustrate the effects of the baby-boom in the United States in 2012? a. classic pyramid b. wide base that narrows rapidly c. narrow base and wide top d. stable base with a slight bulge near the top e. stable base with a slight bulge near the bottom

d. stable base with a slight bulge near the top

30. Late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called ____. a. facilitation b. imperturbability c. inhibition d. tolerance e. intolerance

d. tolerance

13. Which of the following is not considered a form of nondestructive behavior? a. reducing competition by foraging at different times b. reducing competition by foraging in different places c. orchids attached to branches of forest trees d. using the energy or body of another organisms as a food source e. bacteria breaking down food for a host and having a sheltered habitat

d. using the energy or body of another organisms as a food source

50. The non-poisonous ____ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ____ butterfly, which is a protective device known as ____. a. monarch; viceroy; camouflage b. monarch; zebra swallowtail; camouflage c. viceroy; zebra swallowtail; mimicry d. viceroy; monarch; mimicry e. viceroy; monarch; camouflage

d. viceroy; monarch; mimicry

83. The text suggests that one key demographic statistic is the percentage of people in a region that are under 15 years of age. Why is this statistic important? a. Young people buy lots of goods and services. b. Young people will be the leaders of the future. c. Young people will feel the effects of global warming. d. Young people are reckless and impulsive. e. Young people are poised to move into their prime reproductive years.

e. Young people are poised to move into their prime reproductive years.

42. What would cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity? a. an increase in predators b. a decrease in birth rates c. an increase in emigration d. a decrease in environmental pressures e. a reproductive time lag between birth and death rates ____

e. a reproductive time lag between birth and death rates ____

93. In developing countries, demographic transition is least likely to be hindered by ____. a. environmental degradation b. extreme poverty c. resource depletion d. a drop in economic assistance from developed countries e. an increase in education opportunities for women

e. an increase in education opportunities for women

89. A country with a TFR that falls below 1.5 children per couple for a prolonged period will experience all of the following except ____. a. a sharp rise in proportion of older people b. an increasing demand on medical care c. an increasing demand on social security funds or its equivalent d. labor shortages e. an increasing number of working taxpayers.

e. an increasing number of working taxpayers.

36. Some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans ____. a. have high population growth rates b. have high environmental resistance c. have low environmental resistance d. are unlikely to ever face extinction e. are vulnerable to extinction

e. are vulnerable to extinction

11. What occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other? a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

e. commensalism

9. The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ____. a. interspecific competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

e. commensalism

52. What concept describes the maximum number of people who can live in reasonable comfort and freedom indefinitely? a. optimization strategy b. genetic optimization c. stabilization theorem d. nil hypothesis e. cultural carrying capacity

e. cultural carrying capacity

45. A population increases through birth and ____. a. assimilation b. integration c. socialization d. emigration e. immigration Name

e. immigration Name

25. Grasslands have ____ and can burn easily. a. low facilitation b. high facilitation c. low resilience d. high inertia e. low inertia

e. low inertia

86. An age structure diagram plots the number or percentage of ____. a. reproductive age females b. reproductive age males and females c. non-reproductive age males and females d. economic status of reproductive males and females e. males and females among age groups in a population

e. males and females among age groups in a population

8. When two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource, it is called ____. a. mimicry b. coevolution c. parasitism d. commensalism e. mutualism

e. mutualism

57. The U.S. population is ____. a. close to leveling off b. slowly declining c. basically stable d. rapidly declining e. rapidly growing

e. rapidly growing

28. Which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession? a. abandoned parking lot b. newly cooled lava c. newly constructed reservoir d. a crumbled concrete building e. recently flooded land

e. recently flooded land

23. What refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance? a. stability b. inertia c. constancy d. tipping point e. resilience

e. resilience

95. Women are least likely to have fewer and healthier children when ____. a. their individual rights are protected b. they earn an income of their own c. they have access to education d. they control their own fertility e. they marry at a young age

e. they marry at a young age