Chapter 5 BA 3308

High levels of _____ create a higher probability that firms cut corners because margins are usually low.

Competition

______________ are central to an organization and provide directions for action.

Core Values

_____ is an organizational factor that gives a company specific characteristics. Over time, stakeholders begin to see the company as like a living organism with a mind and will of its own.

Corporate culture

_____ culture involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members, while _____ culture reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors, including corporate policies, top management's leadership on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical behavior.

Corporate, ethical

When we discuss _____ approaches, we are talking about how organizational decision makers actually approach ethical issues.

Descriptive

The _____ states that economic and social equalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.

Difference principle

Which of the following is not one of the six "spheres of influence" to which individuals are subject when confronted with an ethical issue?

Educational attainment

___________ reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors.​

Ethical Culture

_____ is the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension.

Ethical awareness

All of the following are true with regards to organizational factors except

Ethical choices in organizations are most often made individually.

_____ have been found to decrease unethical practices and increase positive work behavior.

Good personal values

_____ is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred.

Guilt

Which of the following would not be considered a negative reinforcement of employee behavior?

Ignoring the behavior

The _____ includes the motivational "carrots and sticks" superiors use to influence employee behavior.

Immediate job context

_____________ is/are important in establishing a foundation for normative values.

Institutions

_____ relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others.

Moral intensity

___ involves subordinates simply following the directives of a superior without question. It demonstrates the influence that significant others can exert in the workplace.

Obedience to authority

External and internal rewards relate to which part of the ethical decision-making framework?

Opportunity

Normative business ethics takes into account the _____ realities outside the legal realm in the form of industry standards.

Political

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision making process?

Recognizing that an ethical issue exists

Which of the following is not an individual factor that affects business ethics?

Significant others

_____ institutions include religion, education, and individuals such as the family unit.

Social

The ethical decision making process in business includes all of the following except

Society's view of the decision

Which of the following is not considered a significant other group in the workplace?

Spouses

All of the following are true regarding institutions except

There is no clear link between institutional theory and the stakeholder orientation of management.

For people who begin the value shift that leads to unethical decisions, which of the following is not a usual justification to reduce and eliminate guilt?

This is in keeping with my personal morals and the code of conduct, so it is okay.

Organizations that have ethics programs based on a _____ orientation are found to make a greater contribution than those based simply on compliance, or obeying laws and regulations.

Values

The thought experiment used by John Rawls that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be is called

Veil of ignorance

What is the last step in the ethical decision-making process?

What is the last step in the ethical decision-making process?

Values have all the following characteristics except

Widely accepted

The _____ can be defined as a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including ways of solving problems shared by members of an organization.

corporate culture

Familiarizing employees with company values and training them to recognize common ethical scenarios helps them generate

ethical awareness

The perceived relevance or importance of an ethical issue to the individual, work group, or organization is

ethical issue intensity.

People who believe in _____ go with the flow because they feel the events in their lives are uncontrollable.

external locus of control

Normative approaches focus on

how organizational decision makers should approach an issue.

Codes, rules, and compliance are essential in organizations. However, an organization built on _____ is more likely to develop a high integrity corporate culture.

informal relationships

Employees who believe they control the events in their lives by their own effort and skill have a(n)

internal locus of control.

Studies have found that more than a third of the unethical situations that lower and middle-level managers face come from

internal pressures and ambiguity surrounding internal organizational rules.

The relationship between business ethics and age

is complex, although experience helps older employees make ethical decisions.

Research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions

is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences.

Philosopher John Rawls believed

justice principles were beliefs that everyone could accept.

Following the ethical directives of a superior relates to

obedience to authority.

According to the ethical decision-making framework, the absence of punishment provides a(n) _____ for unethical behavior.

opportunity

Multiple elements work on individuals to affect their behavior. While an individual may intend to do the right thing, _____ can alter this intent.

organizational or social forces

Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others and include

peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates.

An ethical corporate culture needs _____ along with _____ to establish an ethics program and monitor the complex ethical decisions being made by employees .

shared values; proper oversight

Studies have shown that _____ within the organization have more impact on a worker's decisions on a daily basis than any other factor.

significant others