Chapter 5 BIO 201 HW

Marie and Joan are the same height, but Marie weighs 25 pounds more than Joan. When they go hiking in cold weather, Joan needs two more layers of clothing than Marie to stay warm. Which of the following explains why?

Marie has more subcutaneous fat, which insulates the body's core

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

In a woman that has hirsutism, ________.

androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?

anemia

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________.

assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

Your patient is upset to learn that the biopsy of a lesion on her skin is consistent with basal cell carcinoma. She has heard that skin cancer can be deadly. Which response to her distress is most appropriate?

basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other tissues. Removal of the lesion is curative in 99% of cases

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines"

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or paint thinner, because they ________.

can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

Skin cancer arising in the stratum basale is called basal cell:

carcinoma

Earwax is made by __________.

ceruminous glands

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system:

dendritic cells

Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched? tactile cells - protection keratinocytes - provide sense of touch and pressure melanocytes - protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays dendritic cells - activate the immune system

dendritic cells - activate the immune system

Word root means skin:

derm

The deep layer of skin is called the:

dermis

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland?

eccrine gland

Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn?

epidermis

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.

faster healing of the skin and less scaring

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.

giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces

In alopecia, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the_________.

hair matrix

Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?

hemoglobin

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?

increased oily appearance and more acne

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism

While riding her bike to campus, 21-year old Liliana Rose was struck by a car. Examination in the Emergency Department reveals several injuries. Relative to her integumentary system, the following comments are noted on her chart: Epidermal abrasions of the right lateral upper arm and anterior shoulder. A deep, 2-cm laceration extending vertically on right lateral cheek and a horizontal 1-cm laceration on the temple. Cyanosis is apparent in her nail beds and lips. The lacerated areas are cleaned, sutured (stitched), and bandaged by the emergency room (ER) personnel. Liliana's cyanosis is clinically significant because:

it indicates that her blood is low in oxygen

While riding her bike to campus, 21-year old Liliana Rose was struck by a car. Examination in the Emergency Department reveals several injuries. Relative to her integumentary system, the following comments are noted on her chart: Epidermal abrasions of the right lateral upper arm and anterior shoulder. A deep, 2-cm laceration extending vertically on right lateral cheek and a horizontal 1-cm laceration on the temple. Cyanosis is apparent in her nail beds and lips. The lacerated areas are cleaned, sutured (stitched), and bandaged by the emergency room (ER) personnel. Liliana's epidermal layer has been damaged. Which statement best explains the significance of this damage?

it's significant because the cells of the epidermis protect against evaporative water loss, UV radiation, and infection

The fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties:

keratin

The most abundant cells of the epidermis:

keratinocytes

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts

Word root means breast:

mamm

Milk-producing glands in the breast are:

mammary glands

Word root means black or dark:

melan

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?

melanin

Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin:

melanocytes

The cells that produce melanin are:

melanocytes

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________.

melanoma

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch:

merkel cells

Word root means tumor:

oma

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

overexposure to UV radiation

Which type of cell or cellular structure is not found in the epidermis?

pain receptors

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________.

phagocytic cell

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.

preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

reticular layer

Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines?

reticular layer

Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair?

sebaceous glands

Overactive sebaceous glands can cause...

seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp

Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters?

second-degree burn

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis:

stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

stratum basale

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers?

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable:

stratum corneum

The layer of the epidermis that contains one to five layers of flattened cells and deteriorating organelles:

stratum granulosum

The layer of the epidermis that is several layers thick and contains pre-keratin:

stratum spinosum

Word root means under, below, or beneath:

sub

An injection given under the skin is a ______ injection.

subcutaneous

Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin?

synthesis of a vitamin D precursor

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

tactile cells

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?

that friction ridges are genetically determined

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

the appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis

A 26-year-old model is concerned about a new scar on her abdomen. She tells her surgeon that there is practically no scar from the appendix operation done when she was 16, but this new scar from the gallbladder operation is "gross." Her appendectomy scar is small, obliquely located on the inferior abdominal surface, and very indistinct. By contrast, the vertical gallbladder scar is large and lumpy. Which of the following best explains why the scars are so different?

the appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant

Which of the following explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

the hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive

What is the role of the hair matrix?

the hair matrix produces hair

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

the looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

The nails can provide signs of health and disease. Which of the following could be a sign of an underlying medical problem?

the nails appear yellow

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?

the person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing)

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is ________.

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following would indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin?

the skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria?

the temperature of the skin

You have learned that tape or adhesive bandages must be removed carefully from the skin on patients who are elderly to avoid tearing their fragile skin. What accounts for the fragility of their skin?

there are fewer collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis as we age, contributing to wrinkling and increased susceptibility to tearing of the skin

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing?

thermoregulation

A common belief is that having your hair cut makes it becomes thicker. Is this true? Which of the following best explains why this belief is, or is not, true.

this is not true. The exposed hair shaft is composed of dead keratinocytes. damaging these dead cells will not affect growth at the matrix of the follicle

The glycolipids secreted by keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum help reduce water loss across the epidermis.

true