Chapter 5 biology

break a disaccharide apart into 2 monosaccharide

A Hydrolysis reaction is used to

glycogen

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is ____

DNA

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture ____

chitin

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide ___

Triglycerides

Because the 3 to 1 fatty acid to glycerol ratio the natural fats are called?

DNA- Thymine RNA- Uracil

Both DNA and RNA have Cytosine, Guanine and Adenine but what does DNA and RNA both have additional that each other do not have?

Monosaccharides which are simple sugars consisting of Glucose C6H12O6 and Ribsoe C5H10O5

Carbohydrates have monomers called?

A phosphate, a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar ( 5 carbon)

Every Nucleotides is made from 3 subunits?

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains joined by dehydration synthesis ( 3 to 1 Ratio)

How is a FAT produced?

water

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.

double helix; running antiparallel

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) ____

adenine and guanine

Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are ___

LARGEST biological molecules in the body.

Nucleic acids

they are all disaccharides

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that ______

amino acid molecules

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of _____

control metabolic rate, growth, stress response, blood glucose levels, immune function

Proteins have a function called Chemical messengers>?

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in our bodies and hydrolsiysis ( Add water), DNA replication, digestion, and blood clotting

Proteins have a function called enzymes ?

Hydrophillic

The head region of the phospholipid is>??

phospholipids

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are ______

glycosidic linkages

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by ______

Saturated fats have a singly covalent bond between carbon atoms. ( usually from animal sources) Unsaturated fats are with a double bond between carbons. (usually from plant sources)

What is the difference between the saturated fat and the unsaturated fat?

maintaining membrane fluidity and forming the sex hormones and vitamins.

What is the main function of Cholestrol?

long term stored energy ( Remember carbohydrates store energy as well) They insulate against heat loss, stores fat double vitamins like ( E, K, A and D)

What is the main function of a lipid?

Water

__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

ALL carbohydrates include

12 amino acids our body can produce are non-essential amino acids. but the 8 amino acids we must get from our food which is an essential amino acid.

There are 20 amino acids, expand on this

Fats( Triglycerides), Phospholipids and Steroids

There are 3 main types of LIPIDS but LIPIDS DO NOT HAVE MONOMERS.....???

Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA and Transfer RNA

There are 3 major types of RNA

DNA and RNA

There are two major classes of nucleic acid in our bodies?

The plasma membrane has cells which carries molecules in and out of the cell.

Proteins have a function called membrane proteins?

a single amino acid change; primary structure

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water

Primary

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

Hydrophobic

The tail of the phospholipid is?

Disaccharides "double" sugars Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

In carbohydrates when you have 2 monosaccharides that are joined together where OH- is lost and H- is lost forming a water dehydration this forms a?

Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen

Lipids are composed of

Polysaccharides (MANY) sugars they are insoluble

Long carbohydrate chains made up of glucose monosaccharides that have been linked together by dehydration is called?

trace elements

Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except ______

Primary structure: linear sequence amino acids forms polypeptide chain. Secondary structure: Hydrogen bonds between NH and CO from in the primary polypeptide chain. These hydrogen bonds cause the chain to form a alpha helix Tertiary Structure: maintained by both R groups of amino acids. Quaternary Structure: formed when 2or more polypeptide chains join together to from a single complex protein. Denaturing Proteins: for a protein to function it depends on the 3 dimensional shape. When our PH drops below a certain level our body temperature rises above normal. This can cause hydrogen bonds to break proteins can unfold and lose their shape.

Proteins have 4 different structures ?

Found throughout the body. Ex. Keratin builds had and nails. Collagen gives strength to skin, muscle fibers. which is composed of Myosin and actin proteins.

Proteins have a function called structural proteins?

Peptide bond

The bond that is formed when 2 amino acids is ? this is also the Polymer of a protein.

cholesterol

The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is _____

Purines- G and A ( Guanine and Adenine) Pyrimidines- C and T ( cytosine and Thymine) and Uracil One purine always hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine.

The nitrogenous base can be separated into 2 categories ?

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

The peptide bond is ______

molecules called chaperonins

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by ____

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________

Lipids

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

peptide

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

sugar phosphate backbone

The two sides of the later are refer to as

covalent

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

Dipeptide- when 2 amino acids are linked by peptide bonds Polypeptide- several amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

There are 2 kinds of peptide bonds explain both?

Nucleotides

What are Nucleic acids monomers?

Modified Triglycerides. The phospholipids contain a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains.

What are phospholipids?

Startch: Plant cells form glucose monomers in straight chains with only few branched chains Glycogen: In animals and Humans stored in muscle and liver. composed of many glucose monomers. Highly branched. LARGE molecule. Cellulose: Found in plant cell walls . composed of many glucose monomers in straight chains . Linear molecule. CANNOT digest it but it acts as a source of fiber.

What are the three common polysaccharides?

addition of water to break down Polymers into Monomers

What is a Hydrolysis?

is the removal of a water molecules to join monomers to form polymers

What is a dehydration reaction?

4 interlocking hydrogen rings.

What is the basic structure of Steriods?

Cholesterol

What is the most importune molecules in our steroid chemistry>?

Proteins are linear polymers made from monomers called amino acids.

What is the structure of proteins?

When a Fat is solid it is known as Fats, when its a liquid OIL..

When Fats are solid and liquid?

cis double bonds; liquids

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room tempera

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component

Which of the following is a polymer?

Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms.

Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?

A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid. A hydroxyl group is removed from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and hydrogen is removed from the amino group of the other amino acid, allowing a bond to form between the two groups.

Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

Peptidoglycan

Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?